Effects of social drinking context on subjective effects, affect, and next-day appraisals in the natural environment.

BACKGROUND: Drinking commonly occurs in social settings and may bolster social reinforcement. Laboratory studies suggest that subjective effects and mood are mechanisms through which the social context influences alcohol consumption. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may be useful for extending these findings to the natural environment. This pre-registered secondary analysis of EMA data investigated the influence of the social environment on: (1) stimulating and sedating subjective effects of alcohol, (2) contentedness and negative affect, and (3) next-day evaluations of the drinking occasion. METHODS: Nontreatment seeking adults reporting past-month heavy drinking (N = 131; Mage = 28.09; 42% female) completed 7 days of EMA (in the morning, at random, and following drinking prompts), which included questions on their social context (drinking in the presence of known others or alone), contemporaneous stimulating and sedating effects, contentedness and negative affect, alcohol consumption, and next-day evaluations of a prior day's drinking event (how satisfying/pleasant was drinking). We used multi-level models in SAS 9.4 M7 software to examine relations among the variables. RESULTS: Contemporaneous subjective effects (stimulating or sedating), negative affect, and contentedness did not significantly depend on the social context. For next-day evaluations of pleasure/satisfaction from drinking, context effects were dependent on consumption totals. As the total number of standard drinks consumed increased, recollections of pleasure/satisfaction were higher when drinking had occurred with others, relative to alone. At lower consumption totals, next-day evaluations did not appear to depend on social context. CONCLUSIONS: When reported contemporaneously, subjective effects and affect do not appear dependent upon the presence of known others. However, heavier drinking events, relative to lighter drinking events, are appraised more favorably the following day when occurring within social contexts.

Exposure to the Death of Others during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Growing Mistrust in Medical Institutions as a Result of Personal Loss.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The prominence of death during the COVID-19 pandemic was heightened by the potential of personally knowing someone who lost their life to the virus. The terror management theory (TMT) suggests that the salient presence of death has a pronounced effect on behavior and may result in the ossification of beliefs and actions aligned with one's worldview (i.e., the mortality salience hypothesis). In this study, we evaluated how death exposure early in the COVID-19 pandemic could enact the process of firming up held beliefs and attitudes related to health and safety. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to a personal loss during the pandemic would strengthen participants' baseline attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19 safety guidelines. METHOD: Data were analyzed from a prospective, regional survey administered at two time points during the pandemic, June-July 2020 and May 2021, in five United States northeastern states. Baseline and follow-up surveys were administered approximately 12 months apart, with adherence to public guidance and death exposure measured at both timepoints and other safety measures at follow-up only. FINDINGS: Our results indicated that there were significant main effects of death exposure on guideline adherence and support for COVID-related public policy. Contrary to the mortality salience hypothesis, death exposures after baseline were related to higher medical mistrust at follow-up for those high in adherence at baseline, rather than those with low adherence. CONCLUSION: Our results offer some conflicting evidence to the mortality salience hypothesis. Rather than entrench people in their worldviews, death in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to sway people away from their initial stances. This finding has important implications for TMT literature and for the COVID-19 pandemic response.

Does sleep relate to next-day cannabis use during treatment? Findings from an adolescent and young adult motivational enhancement and cognitive behavioral therapy plus topiramate intervention.

BACKGROUND: Interventions for youth cannabis use have limited efficacy. Sleep is likely to affect treatment response, as sleep difficulties are cross-sectionally associated with use and common during treatment. This analysis examined how sleep duration and subjective trouble sleeping related to next-day cannabis use among youth during cannabis treatment. METHOD: Participants (N=64) received a psychosocial intervention plus topiramate versus placebo while completing a 6-week ecological momentary assessment study. Time-varying effect modeling (TVEM) examined within- and between-person associations between sleep and cannabis use and how the strength of within-person associations varied over the course of treatment. RESULTS: TVEM resvealed that, between-participants, youth with longer average sleep duration used cannabis less often controlling for baseline cannabis use, topiramate, and weekend status. Daily within-person fluctuations in sleep duration and trouble were not associated with use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest regularly shorter sleep may impede treatment outcomes. Adolescents who regularly have insufficient sleep durations likely need additional intervention to improve sleep difficulties in tandem with cannabis use reduction.

The Role of Daily Goal Setting Among Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder.

Introduction: Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) who seek help to reduce their drinking are expected to vary with respect to drinking goal, with some choosing abstinence and others moderation. The present research explored whether drinking goals vary day to day among individuals with AUD planning to enter treatment and the relationship of specific daily goals to actual drinking behavior in daily life. Methods: Participants were 153 individuals with AUD who enrolled in a study of stepped care brief interventions and completed smartphone momentary assessments in daily life. Drinking goals and number of standard drinks consumed were reported daily for 21 consecutive days after receiving brief advice but prior to assignment to further treatment. Daily drinking goals were coded as (a) complete abstinence (b) moderation, i.e., 2 or fewer standard drinks, or (c) other. Mixed-effects models nested daily drinking goals within individuals to consider both individual and daily patterns in daily goal setting. Results: Complete abstinence was the most common daily drinking goal and showed greater day-to-day stability than setting a moderation goal. Setting an abstinence goal in the morning was also most successful in limiting alcohol consumption later that day, relative to other goals. Those individuals who set more abstinence goals, however, were also those who drank more per drinking occasion. Conclusions: Findings support the clinical benefit of mapping daily goal setting and strategizing for specific circumstances. Future research may track the relation of daily drinking goals to successful goal achievement during treatment and compare to overall treatment goals.

Parent and Adolescent Reports of Parental Monitoring and Sources of Parental Knowledge are Linked to Cannabis Use and Symptom Development in Adolescents.

Objective: Greater discrepancies between parent and adolescent reports of parenting behaviors are associated with poorer adolescent functioning. The present research aims to build from the existing literature by examining unique parent and adolescent perceptions of parental monitoring and distinct sources of parental knowledge (i.e, parental solicitation, parental control, child disclosure) and their association with adolescent cannabis and alcohol use and disorder symptoms using cross-sectional data. Method: Parent-adolescent dyads (N = 132) were recruited from the community and the family court system. Adolescents were ages 12 to 18 (40.2% female; 68.2% White, 18.2% Hispanic). Parents and adolescents completed a questionnaire assessing the four domains of parenting behaviors. Adolescents' substance-use behaviors and related disorder symptoms were assessed via adolescent self-report and semi-structured interviews. Results: Parental ratings of distinct parenting behaviors were higher (more favorable) than their child's reports, as shown in prior studies. Parent-reported parenting behaviors were uniquely related to cannabis use, over and above adolescent reports and the adolescent's age. With regard to report discrepancies, interactive effects of parent and adolescent perceptions of parental control were not statistically significant in our analysis after correcting for multiple tests. Conclusions: While most research relating parental monitoring to adolescent cannabis use relies solely on adolescent perceptions, our study suggests a unique role of parent perceptions for cannabis use and disorder symptoms, respectively. Findings support the importance of considering unique parent and adolescent perceptions of what parents know, as well as how they know it, to understand early cannabis use and problem development.

An efficacy trial of adaptive interventions for alcohol use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Adaptive interventions, sometimes referred to as "stepped care", are those interventions in which the type or dosage of treatment offered to patients is tailored to baseline clinical presentation and then adjusted over time in response to patient progress or lack thereof. Currently, no adaptive brief interventions exist specifically for alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHOD: This study used a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial design with 160 individuals with AUD recruited both locally and nationally who had a goal to reduce or abstain from drinking. Participants received brief advice (BA) and then the study reassessed them three weeks later; the study randomized those who did not respond to BA, defined as reducing their drinking to low-risk guidelines, to two session of motivational interviewing (MI) or more BA. The study then reassessed participants at week 8. The study re-randomized nonresponders to receive either MI alone or MI plus behavioral self-control therapy (BSCT), also referred to as coping skills therapy, and evaluated participants at week 13. RESULTS: Overall, participants receiving any BSCT made the greatest reductions in drinking. Participants who received MI at week 4 and BSCT at week 8 outperformed all other groups. CONCLUSION: Findings reveal that prolonged treatment, more sessions, and/or a specific combination of MI and BSCT provided optimal outcomes. Future research should determine whether such an algorithm holds across heterogenous groups of individuals with AUD.

A Secondary Analysis from a Randomized Trial on the Effect of Plasma Tetrahydrocannabinol Levels on Pain Reduction in Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.

This report examines the association between tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) plasma levels and pain response in a secondary analysis of data from a recent diabetic neuropathy study that demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in spontaneous and elicited pain at specific time points. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted in sixteen patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Subjects participated in four sessions, separated by 2 weeks, during each of which they were exposed to one of four conditions: placebo, or 1%, 4%, or 7% THC dose of cannabis. Baseline assessments of spontaneous and evoked pain were performed. Subjects were then administered aerosolized cannabis or placebo and pain intensity and cognitive testing at specific time points for 4 hours. A blood sample was drawn from the left antecubital vein for plasma assay of total THC at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 150, and 240 minutes. Associations were made between pain intensity, cognitive impairment and THC plasma levels in this secondary analysis. Results suggested a U-shaped relation whereby pain ratings are greatest at extreme (low and high) levels of THC. The therapeutic window appeared to fall between 16 ng/mL and 31 ng/mL THC plasma level. There was a significant linear effect of THC on only one out of the three cognitive tests. These findings stress the importance of measuring cannabinoid plasma levels when performing future research. Perspective: This analysis correlating plasma THC levels and pain reduction in diabetic neuropathy suggest a therapeutic window. Low and high THC levels had a negative association (no reduction) and THC levels within the window had a positive association (reduction). There was a minor negative linear effect of THC on cognitive function.

Appetitive startle modulation in the human laboratory predicts Cannabis craving in the natural environment.

RATIONALE: Drug-related cues evoke craving and stimulate motivational systems in the brain. The acoustic startle reflex captures activation of these motivational processes and affords a unique measure of reactivity to drug cues. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of cannabis-related cues on subjective and eye blink startle reactivity in the human laboratory and tested whether these effects predicted youth's cue-elicited cannabis craving in the natural environment. METHODS: Participants were 55 frequent cannabis users, ages 16 to 24 years (M = 19.9, SD = 1.9; 55% male; 56% met criteria for cannabis dependence), who were recruited from a clinical trial to reduce cannabis use. Eye blink electromyographic activity was recorded in response to acoustic probes that elicited startle reactivity while participants viewed pleasant, unpleasant, neutral, and cannabis picture cues. Following the startle assessment, participants completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol that involved repeated assessments of cue-elicited craving in real time in their real-world environments. RESULTS: Multilevel models included the presence or absence of visible cannabis cues in the natural environment, startle magnitude, and the cross-level interaction of cues by startle to test whether cue-modulated startle reactivity in the laboratory was associated with cue-elicited craving in the natural environment. Analyses showed that cannabis-related stimuli evoked an appetitive startle response pattern in the laboratory, and this effect was associated with increased cue-elicited craving in the natural environment, b = - 0.15, p = .022, 95% CI [- 0.28, - 0.02]. Pleasant stimuli also evoked an appetitive response pattern, but in this case, blunted response was associated with increased cue-elicited craving in the natural environment, b = 0.27, p < .001, 95% CI [0.12, 0.43]. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support cue-modulated startle reactivity as an index of the phenotypic expression of cue-elicited cannabis craving.