Correlation between renal ultrasonography and serum cystatin C in acute kidney disease of critically ill dogs / Correlação entre a ultrassonografia e a determinação da cistatina C sérica em cães admitidos em unidade de terapia

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as the rapid decline in kidney function. Its development is related to critical clinical statuses, such as sepsis, complicated post-surgical recovery, and infectious diseases. Serum cystatin C (CysC) has the best correlation with the glomerular filtration rate. Ultrasonography stands out because it is highly accessible and can be done at the bedside. Twenty-eight dogs admitted to the intensive care unit with serum creatinine values <1.6 mg/dL and at-risk factors of AKI development were selected. CysC measurements and ultrasound assessments were performed daily for 72 hours. Using CysC dosage, 22/28 animals (78.6%) were considered to have AKI, and 17/22 had ultrasound compatible with AKI changes, demonstrating moderate agreement with CysC dosage. Increased cortical renal echogenicity is the most prevalent alteration in critically ill patients and is correlated with serum increases in CysC and is associated with renal structural damage.

A injúria renal aguda (IRA) é definida como o declínio rápido da função renal. Seu desenvolvimento está relacionado a quadros clínicos críticos, como sepse, pós-operatório complicado e doenças infecciosas. A cistatina C sérica (CisC) tem melhor correlação com taxa de filtração glomerular. A ultrassonografia se destaca por ser altamente acessível e pode ser realizada à beira do leito. Foram selecionados 28 cães, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, com valores de creatinina sérica <1,6mg/dL e fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de IRA. Medições de CisC e avaliações ultrassonográficas foram realizadas diariamente por 72 horas. Utilizando-se a dosagem de CisC, 22/28 animais (78,6%) foram considerados portadores de IRA e 17/22 apresentaram ultrassom compatível com alterações de IRA, demonstrando concordância moderada com a dosagem de CisC. O aumento da ecogenicidade cortical renal é a alteração mais prevalente em pacientes críticos, está correlacionado com aumentos séricos de CisC e associado a dano estrutural renal.

Prognostic values of physical and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected with parvovirus PVC-2: retrospective study of 103 cases / [Valores prognósticos de parâmetros físicos e hematológicos de cães naturalmente infectados pelo parvovírus PVC-2: estudo retrospectivo de 103 casos]

Canine parvovirosis is a high mortality disease with acute clinical picture. However, there are few available resources to help stablish prognosis accurately. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold values for vital and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected by the Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). A retrospective study of 103 canine parvovirosis cases was carried out. Twenty seven percent of these (28/103) died, 96% (27/28) of which within the first four days of hospitalization. Deceased animals had significantly higher median values for heart (HR) and respiratory (f) rates, as well as significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) than survivors. Severely leukopenic animals (<1,000 cells/µL), had a significantly higher mortality rate (68%, n=13) compared to that of other patients (P<0.0007). Animals with at least two of the following findings: severe hypotension (SBP< 90mmHg), tachycardia (HR > 150 bpm) and leukopenia, represented 34% (34/101) of the cases and had a survival rate of 29% (10/34), while animals with at most one of these parameters represented 66% (67/101) and had a survival rate of 94% (63/67). The presence of two or three abnormal parameters was significantly related to the higher death risk among dogs with parvovirosis (P<0.0001).(AU)

A parvovirose canina é uma doença de alta mortalidade e de quadro clínico agudo. No entanto, existem poucos recursos para se estabelecer prognóstico de maneira precisa. Este estudo objetivou analisar os valores prognósticos de parâmetros físicos e hematológicos de cães naturalmente infectados pelo Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). Um estudo retrospectivo de 103 casos de parvovirose canina foi realizado. Desses, 27% dos animais (28/103) foram a óbito, sendo 96% (27/28) com ocorrência nos primeiros quatro dias de internamento. Os cães que foram a óbito apresentaram medianas das frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f) significativamente maiores e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) consideravelmente menor que a dos sobreviventes. Entre os animais mais intensamente leucopênicos (<1.000 células/(L), a taxa de mortalidade (68%, n=13) foi expressivamente maior que a dos demais pacientes (P<0,0007). Os animais com hipotensão grave (PAS<90mmHg), taquicardia (FC>150bpm) e leucopenia intensa (leucometria<1.000 células/µL), ou duas dessas alterações clínicas, representaram 34% (34/101) dos casos e tiveram taxa de sobrevida de 29% (10/34), enquanto os animais com, no máximo, um desses parâmetros alterados representaram 66% (67/101) dos animais, com taxa de sobrevida de 94% (63/67). A presença de dois ou três parâmetros alterados esteve significativamente relacionada ao maior risco de óbito de cães com parvovirose (P<0,0001).(AU)

Canine cavitary effusion: a retrospective study of 304 cases in Brazil / Efusões cavitárias caninas: estudo retrospectivo de 304 casos no Brasil

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different categories of specific and general classification in canine cavitary effusions (CE), as well as their association with the underlying etiologies. The laboratorial and clinical data from 304 cases of canine CE were retrospectively assessed. In 32.9% (100 cases), at least one of the specific classification categories was established, with a subtotal predominance of neoplasia (42%), bacterial serositis (24%) and hemorrhage (16%). Neoplasia was confirmed by effusion cytology in 57.5% of the cases with histopathological confirmation. From the cases in which the specific classification was not obtained, 35.8% were classified as modified transudate, 30.4% as pure transudate, 21.1% % as exudate and 12.7% was not included in any general category. The most common causes of effusion among these cases were hypoproteinemia and/or hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25.8%), hepatopathy (22.5%), cardiac insufficiency (15.5%) and cytologically undetected cases of neoplasia (12.4%). In conclusion, HPHA, hepatopathy and neoplasia represents important etiologies for canine CE development. Classification of effusions, solely based on [TP] and TNCC, might be an inaccurate diagnostic tool of effusions. New laboratorial classification methods for canine CE should be researched.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes categorias de classificação específica e geral em efusões cavitárias (EC) caninas, bem como sua associação com as etiologias subjacentes. Os dados laboratoriais e clínicos de 304 casos de EC canina foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Em 32,9% (100 casos), pelo menos uma das categorias específicas de classificação foi estabelecida, com predomínio subtotal de neoplasia (42%), serosite bacteriana (24%) e hemorragia (16%). A neoplasia foi confirmada pela citologia da efusão em 57,5% dos casos com confirmação histopatológica. Dos casos em que a classificação específica não foi obtida (204 casos), 35,8% foram classificados como transudato modificado, 30,4% como transudato puro, 21,1% como exsudato e 12,7% não foram incluídos em nenhuma categoria geral. As causas mais comuns de efusão nestes casos foram hipoproteinemia e/ou hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25,8%), hepatopatia (22,5%), insuficiência cardíaca (15,5%) e casos de neoplasia citologicamente não detectados (12,4%). Em conclusão, HPHA, hepatopatia e neoplasia representam importantes etiologias para o desenvolvimento da EC canina. A classificação geral de efusões, baseada exclusivamente em proteína e celularidade, pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica imprecisa. Novos métodos de classificação laboratorial para ECs caninas devem ser pesquisados.(AU)

Canine cavitary effusion: a retrospective study of 304 cases in Brazil / Efusões cavitárias caninas: estudo retrospectivo de 304 casos no Brasil

The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different categories of specific and general classification in canine cavitary effusions (CE), as well as their association with the underlying etiologies. The laboratorial and clinical data from 304 cases of canine CE were retrospectively assessed. In 32.9% (100 cases), at least one of the specific classification categories was established, with a subtotal predominance of neoplasia (42%), bacterial serositis (24%) and hemorrhage (16%). Neoplasia was confirmed by effusion cytology in 57.5% of the cases with histopathological confirmation. From the cases in which the specific classification was not obtained, 35.8% were classified as modified transudate, 30.4% as pure transudate, 21.1% % as exudate and 12.7% was not included in any general category. The most common causes of effusion among these cases were hypoproteinemia and/or hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25.8%), hepatopathy (22.5%), cardiac insufficiency (15.5%) and cytologically undetected cases of neoplasia (12.4%). In conclusion, HPHA, hepatopathy and neoplasia represents important etiologies for canine CE development. Classification of effusions, solely based on [TP] and TNCC, might be an inaccurate diagnostic tool of effusions. New laboratorial classification methods for canine CE should be researched.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes categorias de classificação específica e geral em efusões cavitárias (EC) caninas, bem como sua associação com as etiologias subjacentes. Os dados laboratoriais e clínicos de 304 casos de EC canina foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Em 32,9% (100 casos), pelo menos uma das categorias específicas de classificação foi estabelecida, com predomínio subtotal de neoplasia (42%), serosite bacteriana (24%) e hemorragia (16%). A neoplasia foi confirmada pela citologia da efusão em 57,5% dos casos com confirmação histopatológica. Dos casos em que a classificação específica não foi obtida (204 casos), 35,8% foram classificados como transudato modificado, 30,4% como transudato puro, 21,1% como exsudato e 12,7% não foram incluídos em nenhuma categoria geral. As causas mais comuns de efusão nestes casos foram hipoproteinemia e/ou hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25,8%), hepatopatia (22,5%), insuficiência cardíaca (15,5%) e casos de neoplasia citologicamente não detectados (12,4%). Em conclusão, HPHA, hepatopatia e neoplasia representam importantes etiologias para o desenvolvimento da EC canina. A classificação geral de efusões, baseada exclusivamente em proteína e celularidade, pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica imprecisa. Novos métodos de classificação laboratorial para ECs caninas devem ser pesquisados.(AU)

Bone marrow bi-hypoplasia in a dog with a sertoli cell tumor / Hipoplasia dupla de medula óssea em um cão com tumor de células de sertoli

A 20-year-old unneutered male poodle presented prostration, apathy, staggering gait, lack of appetite and tick infestation. The dog was diagnosed with a Sertoli cell tumor in an undescended testicle by cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical tests. Pancytopenia with moderate nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia and severe thrombocytopenia were detected in the complete blood count. Cytological and histopathological evaluation of the bone marrow revealed a cellularity of 30%, with erythroid (59%), lymphoid (40%) and mast cells (1%), and an absence of granulocytic, monocytic and megakaryocytic lineage cells. In post-mortem examinations, changes related to hemostatic disorders were found. The absence of microorganisms in molecular tests and an estrogen serum concentration over reference values confirmed hyperestrogenism as a possible cause of pancytopenia. The literature describes a Sertoli cell tumor hyperestrogenism that induced pancytopenia, along with bone marrow hypoplasia of all hematopoietic lineages. In contrast, in the present case, the erythroid precursor cells were preserved in the bone marrow, although there were no reticulocytes circulating in the blood. This case, therefore, should be considered in future investigations of pancytopenia induced by Sertoli cell tumor hyperestrogenism.(AU)

Um cão Poodle, macho, de 20 anos, não castrado, apresentou prostração, apatia, andar cambaleante, falta de apetite e infestação por carrapatos. Nesse animal, foi diagnosticado tumor de células de Sertoli em um testículo não descendente, utilizando-se citologia, histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica. Pancitopenia com anemia moderada não regenerativa, leucopenia e trombocitopenia intensas foram detectadas no hemograma. Na avaliação citológica e histopatológica da medula óssea, havia celularidade de 30%, constituída pelas linhagens eritroide (59%) e linfoide (40%) e por mastócitos (1%), com ausência de células das linhagens granulocítica, monocítica e megacariocítica. Em exames post mortem, mudanças relacionadas à hemostasia foram encontradas. A ausência de micro-organismos nos testes moleculares e a concentração sérica de estrogênio acima dos valores de referência confirmaram hiperestrogenismo como a possível causa da pancitopenia. A literatura descreve hiperestrogenismo em tumores de células de Sertoli induzindo pancitopenia associada com hipoplasia da medula óssea de todas as linhagens hematopoiéticas. Em contraste, no presente caso, as células precursoras eritróides estavam preservadas na medula óssea, embora não houvesse reticulócitos no sangue. Assim, o relato apresentado deve ser considerado em futuras investigações de pancitopenia induzida por hiperestrogenismo em tumor de células de Sertoli.(AU)

Bone marrow bi-hypoplasia in a dog with a sertoli cell tumor / Hipoplasia dupla de medula óssea em um cão com tumor de células de sertoli

A 20-year-old unneutered male poodle presented prostration, apathy, staggering gait, lack of appetite and tick infestation. The dog was diagnosed with a Sertoli cell tumor in an undescended testicle by cytological, histopathological and immunohistochemical tests. Pancytopenia with moderate nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia and severe thrombocytopenia were detected in the complete blood count. Cytological and histopathological evaluation of the bone marrow revealed a cellularity of 30%, with erythroid (59%), lymphoid (40%) and mast cells (1%), and an absence of granulocytic, monocytic and megakaryocytic lineage cells. In post-mortem examinations, changes related to hemostatic disorders were found. The absence of microorganisms in molecular tests and an estrogen serum concentration over reference values confirmed hyperestrogenism as a possible cause of pancytopenia. The literature describes a Sertoli cell tumor hyperestrogenism that induced pancytopenia, along with bone marrow hypoplasia of all hematopoietic lineages. In contrast, in the present case, the erythroid precursor cells were preserved in the bone marrow, although there were no reticulocytes circulating in the blood. This case, therefore, should be considered in future investigations of pancytopenia induced by Sertoli cell tumor hyperestrogenism.(AU)

Um cão Poodle, macho, de 20 anos, não castrado, apresentou prostração, apatia, andar cambaleante, falta de apetite e infestação por carrapatos. Nesse animal, foi diagnosticado tumor de células de Sertoli em um testículo não descendente, utilizando-se citologia, histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica. Pancitopenia com anemia moderada não regenerativa, leucopenia e trombocitopenia intensas foram detectadas no hemograma. Na avaliação citológica e histopatológica da medula óssea, havia celularidade de 30%, constituída pelas linhagens eritroide (59%) e linfoide (40%) e por mastócitos (1%), com ausência de células das linhagens granulocítica, monocítica e megacariocítica. Em exames post mortem, mudanças relacionadas à hemostasia foram encontradas. A ausência de micro-organismos nos testes moleculares e a concentração sérica de estrogênio acima dos valores de referência confirmaram hiperestrogenismo como a possível causa da pancitopenia. A literatura descreve hiperestrogenismo em tumores de células de Sertoli induzindo pancitopenia associada com hipoplasia da medula óssea de todas as linhagens hematopoiéticas. Em contraste, no presente caso, as células precursoras eritróides estavam preservadas na medula óssea, embora não houvesse reticulócitos no sangue. Assim, o relato apresentado deve ser considerado em futuras investigações de pancitopenia induzida por hiperestrogenismo em tumor de células de Sertoli.(AU)

Desvio para a esquerda associado a compartimento medular de reserva dos neutrófilos não esgotado em cadelas portadoras de piometra / Nuclear left deviation associated with medullary reserve compartment of non exhausted neutrophils in female dogs with pyometra

From fifteen female dogs with clinical diagnoses of pyometra, hematological exams were performed at three times: M0 (prior to the surgery), M24 (24h after ovarysalpingohisterectomy-OSH) and M48 (48h after OSH). Anemia was seen in 80% of the cases, characterized as mild normocytic normochromic type. The means of total leukocyte counts were 27.043, 57.940 and 40.139 céls/µL in M0, M24 and M48. A total of80% of the animals presented neutrophilic left shift in all moments. During medullar exams, the cellular, iron reserve and megakaryocytic concentration were raised as well as the ME ratio, showing a value of 26,3:1,0, probably due to the elevation of granular proliferation and maturation compartment, as the mean of the reserve compartment was within normal range. As 83% of the animals with neutrophilic left shift showed a melullary reserve compartment raised, it can be concluded that female dogs with piometra had left shift of neutrophils with disproportionally between compartments, without segmented medullar saturation.(AU)

Desvio para a esquerda associado a compartimento medular de reserva dos neutrófilos não esgotado em cadelas portadoras de piometra / Nuclear left deviation associated with medullary reserve compartment of non exhausted neutrophils in female dogs with pyometra

From fifteen female dogs with clinical diagnoses of pyometra, hematological exams were performed at three times: M0 (prior to the surgery), M24 (24h after ovarysalpingohisterectomy-OSH) and M48 (48h after OSH). Anemia was seen in 80% of the cases, characterized as mild normocytic normochromic type. The means of total leukocyte counts were 27.043, 57.940 and 40.139 céls/µL in M0, M24 and M48. A total of80% of the animals presented neutrophilic left shift in all moments. During medullar exams, the cellular, iron reserve and megakaryocytic concentration were raised as well as the ME ratio, showing a value of 26,3:1,0, probably due to the elevation of granular proliferation and maturation compartment, as the mean of the reserve compartment was within normal range. As 83% of the animals with neutrophilic left shift showed a melullary reserve compartment raised, it can be concluded that female dogs with piometra had left shift of neutrophils with disproportionally between compartments, without segmented medullar saturation.(AU)

Perfil bioquímico sanguíneo na intoxicação experimental com extrato de Mascagnia rigida (A. Juss.) Griseb. (Malpighiaceae) em coelhos / Biochemistry profile after experimental intoxication by extract of Mascagnia rigida (A. Juss.) Griseb. (Malpighiaceae) in rabbits

Avaliou-se o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo na intoxicação por Mascagnia rigida, uma planta tóxica que gera problema econômico para a pecuária, por causar morte súbita. Nove coelhos Nova Zelândia, machos, com massa corporal média de 3,54kg, foram distribuídos em três grupos (G) (n=3). Os animais receberam, durante oito dias consecutivos, o equivalente a 30g/kg de matéria seca da planta em dois tipos de extratos: solúvel em água (GS) e insolúvel em água (GI), e formou-se também o grupo-controle (GC). Os exames bioquímicos foram realizados previamente ao início do experimento até o nono dia. A administração dos extratos da Mascagnia rigida causou alterações eletrolíticas que podem justificar alguns sinais clínicos observados e atuar de forma significativa na causa mortis.

A study was carried out to evaluate the biochemical profile in Mascagnia rigida poisoning, a toxic plant that generates a significant economic problem to livestock, causing "sudden death". Nine New Zealand rabbits, male, 3,54kg mean body weight were divided into three groups (G) (n = 3). The animals received the equivalent of 30g/kg of dry matter in two types of extracts: water-soluble (GS) and insoluble in water (GI), and the control group (CG) (ultra-pure water) for eight consecutive days. Biochemical exams were done prior to the beginning of the experiment until the ninth day. It was concluded that the administration of extracts of Mascagnia rigida cause electrolyte imbalances that may justify some clinical signs and act significantly in the cause of death.

Mielograma de ratas com disfunção tireoidiana / Bone marrow examination in rats with thyroid dysfunction

The cells of the myelo id, lymphoid , and erythroid lineage s of the bone marrow were quantified in rats with hypo and hyperthyroidism. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: hypothyroid (n=5), hyperthyroid (n=5) , and control (n=5). Three months after the onset of the treatment s, euthanasia was performed . Bone marrow was aspirated from femurs of each animal to perform smear s that were stained with Quick Panoptic. T he percentage s of rubroblast, prorubrocyte, metarubrocyte, myeloblast, promyelocytes, metamyelocytes, myel ocytes, segmented, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and monocytes in were determined a total of 500 cells. The bone marrow of animals with hypothyroidism had hypoplasia. The myeloid:erythroid ratio was higher in animals with thyroid dysfun ction. In hypo and hyperthyroidism, there was a significant reduction of the percentage of rubrocyte, metarubrocyte , and lymphocytes and increase of myelocytes and segmented cells. In hypothyroidism, there was a significant increase in the percentage of me tamyelocytes. It is c oncluded that both hypo and hyperfunction of thyroid increase the myeloid:erythroid ratio by increasing the number of cells of the myeloid lineage and reducing the cells of the erythroid lineage.

Citologia de medula óssea das primeiras seis semanas de vida de bovinos da raça Holandesa / Cytology of the bone marrow of the first six weeks of life of Holstein cattle

The possible changes in the bone marrow associated with hematological changes in peripheral blood during the first six weeks of life in cattle were evaluated. To this purpose, blood samples were evaluated at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of life, and cytologic examination of bone marrow at 2, 7, 21, and 42 days of life in 10 Holstein calves. The bone marrow examination showed, in different times, myeloid:erythroid ratio from 0.60 to 0.69. The erythroid lineage distribution remained pyramidal, with concentration of precursor cells above the initial reference values for adult cattle. Proliferation pool of myeloid lineage also remained above the reference range, with decreases of concentrations in the third and sixth weeks. In the lymphoid lineage, the concentration of lymphocytes showed a decrease in the first three weeks, with a tendency to rise in the sixth week.

Citologia de medula óssea das primeiras seis semanas de vida de bovinos da raça Holandesa / Cytology of the bone marrow of the first six weeks of life of Holstein cattle

The possible changes in the bone marrow associated with hematological changes in peripheral blood during the first six weeks of life in cattle were evaluated. To this purpose, blood samples were evaluated at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of life, and cytologic examination of bone marrow at 2, 7, 21, and 42 days of life in 10 Holstein calves. The bone marrow examination showed, in different times, myeloid:erythroid ratio from 0.60 to 0.69. The erythroid lineage distribution remained pyramidal, with concentration of precursor cells above the initial reference values for adult cattle. Proliferation pool of myeloid lineage also remained above the reference range, with decreases of concentrations in the third and sixth weeks. In the lymphoid lineage, the concentration of lymphocytes showed a decrease in the first three weeks, with a tendency to rise in the sixth week.(AU)

Mielograma de ratas com disfunção tireoidiana / Bone marrow examination in rats with thyroid dysfunction

The cells of the myelo id, lymphoid , and erythroid lineage s of the bone marrow were quantified in rats with hypo and hyperthyroidism. Fifteen Wistar rats were divided into three groups: hypothyroid (n=5), hyperthyroid (n=5) , and control (n=5). Three months after the onset of the treatment s, euthanasia was performed . Bone marrow was aspirated from femurs of each animal to perform smear s that were stained with Quick Panoptic. T he percentage s of rubroblast, prorubrocyte, metarubrocyte, myeloblast, promyelocytes, metamyelocytes, myel ocytes, segmented, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells and monocytes in were determined a total of 500 cells. The bone marrow of animals with hypothyroidism had hypoplasia. The myeloid:erythroid ratio was higher in animals with thyroid dysfun ction. In hypo and hyperthyroidism, there was a significant reduction of the percentage of rubrocyte, metarubrocyte , and lymphocytes and increase of myelocytes and segmented cells. In hypothyroidism, there was a significant increase in the percentage of me tamyelocytes. It is c oncluded that both hypo and hyperfunction of thyroid increase the myeloid:erythroid ratio by increasing the number of cells of the myeloid lineage and reducing the cells of the erythroid lineage.(AU)

Perfil bioquímico sanguíneo na intoxicação experimental com extrato de Mascagnia rigida (A. Juss.) Griseb. (Malpighiaceae) em coelhos / Biochemistry profile after experimental intoxication by extract of Mascagnia rigida (A. Juss.) Griseb. (Malpighiaceae) in rabbits

Avaliou-se o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo na intoxicação por Mascagnia rigida, uma planta tóxica que gera problema econômico para a pecuária, por causar morte súbita. Nove coelhos Nova Zelândia, machos, com massa corporal média de 3,54kg, foram distribuídos em três grupos (G) (n=3). Os animais receberam, durante oito dias consecutivos, o equivalente a 30g/kg de matéria seca da planta em dois tipos de extratos: solúvel em água (GS) e insolúvel em água (GI), e formou-se também o grupo-controle (GC). Os exames bioquímicos foram realizados previamente ao início do experimento até o nono dia. A administração dos extratos da Mascagnia rigida causou alterações eletrolíticas que podem justificar alguns sinais clínicos observados e atuar de forma significativa na causa mortis.(AU)

A study was carried out to evaluate the biochemical profile in Mascagnia rigida poisoning, a toxic plant that generates a significant economic problem to livestock, causing "sudden death". Nine New Zealand rabbits, male, 3,54kg mean body weight were divided into three groups (G) (n = 3). The animals received the equivalent of 30g/kg of dry matter in two types of extracts: water-soluble (GS) and insoluble in water (GI), and the control group (CG) (ultra-pure water) for eight consecutive days. Biochemical exams were done prior to the beginning of the experiment until the ninth day. It was concluded that the administration of extracts of Mascagnia rigida cause electrolyte imbalances that may justify some clinical signs and act significantly in the cause of death.(AU)

Avaliação hematológica e bioquímica de equinos suplementados com óleo de arroz semirrefinado, rico em gamaorizanol / Hematological and biochemical evaluation of horses supplemented with semi-refined rice oil enriched with gamma orizanol

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com óleo de arroz sobre o peso e perfil hematológico de equinos submetidos a exercício físico moderado. Foram utilizados 14 equinos machos, com peso aproximado de 411kg, distribuídos entre o grupo tratado (GT; n=7), suplementado com óleo de arroz adicionado diariamente à dieta (0,5ml/kg/PV), e o grupo-controle (GC; n=7), tratado com óleo de soja (0,5ml/kg/PV). Foram feitas três avaliações: antes do início e aos 20 e 40 dias após o início do tratamento, as quais consistiram de determinação do peso, exame clínico e coleta de amostras de sangue dos animais, antes e após o exercício, para hematócrito, hemograma, dosagem de glicose, lactato e proteína total. Não houve diferença entre grupos e nem entre avaliações quanto às variáveis peso e proteína total. A glicose aumentou significativamente após o exercício na segunda coleta no GC e na terceira no GT. No GC, o lactato aumentou nas coletas após o exercício, enquanto no GT, os valores foram semelhantes antes e após. A suplementação com óleo de arroz na dieta foi determinante para impedir o aumento de lactato em equinos submetidos a exercício, o que pode ser relevante para aumentar o seu desempenho atlético.

The effect of the supplementation with rice oil was evaluated on the weight and hematologic profile of equines submitted moderate physical exercise. Fourteen male equines, averaging 411kg, were distributed into treated group (GT; n=7), supplemented daily with rice oil added to the diet (0.5ml/kg/BW); and control group (GC; n=7), treated with soybean oil (0.5ml/kg/BW). Three evaluations were made before the treatment, and 20 and 40 days after the beginning of the treatment, consisting of the determination of the weight, the clinical examination, and the collection of blood samples before and after the exercise for hematocrit, hemogram, glucose, lactate, and total protein determinations. There was no difference between the groups, neither between evaluations for weight nor total protein. The glucose increased significantly after the exercise in the second collection in the GC and in the third in the GT. The GC lactate increased significantly in the collections after exercise; while in the GT, the results were similar before and after treatments. The supplementation of the diet with rice oil was determinant to hinder the lactate increase in the animals submitted to exercise, what could be relevant to increase their athletic performance.

Avaliação hematológica e bioquímica de equinos suplementados com óleo de arroz semirrefinado, rico em gamaorizanol / Hematological and biochemical evaluation of horses supplemented with semi-refined rice oil enriched with gamma orizanol

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com óleo de arroz sobre o peso e perfil hematológico de equinos submetidos a exercício físico moderado. Foram utilizados 14 equinos machos, com peso aproximado de 411kg, distribuídos entre o grupo tratado (GT; n=7), suplementado com óleo de arroz adicionado diariamente à dieta (0,5ml/kg/PV), e o grupo-controle (GC; n=7), tratado com óleo de soja (0,5ml/kg/PV). Foram feitas três avaliações: antes do início e aos 20 e 40 dias após o início do tratamento, as quais consistiram de determinação do peso, exame clínico e coleta de amostras de sangue dos animais, antes e após o exercício, para hematócrito, hemograma, dosagem de glicose, lactato e proteína total. Não houve diferença entre grupos e nem entre avaliações quanto às variáveis peso e proteína total. A glicose aumentou significativamente após o exercício na segunda coleta no GC e na terceira no GT. No GC, o lactato aumentou nas coletas após o exercício, enquanto no GT, os valores foram semelhantes antes e após. A suplementação com óleo de arroz na dieta foi determinante para impedir o aumento de lactato em equinos submetidos a exercício, o que pode ser relevante para aumentar o seu desempenho atlético.(AU)

The effect of the supplementation with rice oil was evaluated on the weight and hematologic profile of equines submitted moderate physical exercise. Fourteen male equines, averaging 411kg, were distributed into treated group (GT; n=7), supplemented daily with rice oil added to the diet (0.5ml/kg/BW); and control group (GC; n=7), treated with soybean oil (0.5ml/kg/BW). Three evaluations were made before the treatment, and 20 and 40 days after the beginning of the treatment, consisting of the determination of the weight, the clinical examination, and the collection of blood samples before and after the exercise for hematocrit, hemogram, glucose, lactate, and total protein determinations. There was no difference between the groups, neither between evaluations for weight nor total protein. The glucose increased significantly after the exercise in the second collection in the GC and in the third in the GT. The GC lactate increased significantly in the collections after exercise; while in the GT, the results were similar before and after treatments. The supplementation of the diet with rice oil was determinant to hinder the lactate increase in the animals submitted to exercise, what could be relevant to increase their athletic performance.(AU)

Biochemical profile of dogs experimentally envenomed with Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the canine blood and urinary profiles after envenomation by Tityus serrulatus venom. Twelve dogs were randomly distributed into two equal groups. Control group animals received 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injected subcutaneously into the internal portion of the left thigh, whilst dogs in the envenomed group were injected with scorpion venom (250 microg/kg in 0.5 mL PBS). No significant alterations were detected in the urine of envenomed dogs. Levels of plasma glucose and serum urea, creatinine, total protein, potassium, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and amylase were determined. Semi-quantitative analysis of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was performed using an immunochromatographic test. The concentrations of cortisol and insulin were determined using commercial radioimmunoassay kits. Increases in serum cortisol levels in experimental group animals coincided with hyperglycaemia and was probably a response to pain. Increased insulin levels were observed during the hyperglycaemic peaks. Envenomed dogs presented discreet increases in ALT, AST and CK, but no alterations in LDH, amylase, cTnI, urea, creatinine and potassium levels were observed. It was concluded that the venom of T. serrulatus induces blood and urinary biochemical changes in dogs.

Alterações citológicas do sangue periférico e da medula óssea de cães com cinomose / Cytological alterations of the bone marrow and peripheral blood of dogs with canine distemper

Avaliaram-se o mielograma, o hemograma e a ocorrência de apoptose no sangue periférico e na medula óssea de cães com cinomose de ocorrência natural. Foram utilizados 15 cães distribuídos em dois grupos: (a) controle - seis animais clinicamente saudáveis com RT-PCR negativa para o vírus da cinomose canina (CC); (b) infectado - nove animais com manifestações clínicas de CC e RT-PCR positiva. Dos cães com CC, oito (88,9 por cento) apresentaram anemia discreta a moderada (hematócrito: 30,6 por cento), normocítica (VCM: 67,9fL) e normocrômica (CHCM: 34,1g/dL). Todos os animais apresentaram contagens médias normais de leucócitos totais (11600 células/µL) e neutrófilos segmentados (8802 células/µL). Linfopenia foi observada em cinco animais (55,6 por cento) e desvio nuclear dos neutrófilos para a esquerda em oito (88,9 por cento). As contagens médias de linfócitos e neutrófilos bastonetes foram, respectivamente, 1054 e 1508células/µL. No mielograma, todos os animais apresentaram celularidade e relação M:E dentro dos limites de referência. O hemograma e a medula óssea dos cães-controle não apresentaram alteração e não havia células em apoptose no esfregaço sanguíneo desses animais. Nos cães com CC, a média do índice apoptótico foi 0,73 por cento no esfregaço sanguíneo e 1,87 por cento na medula óssea. A apoptose, portanto, pode estar envolvida na patogênese das alterações hematológicas observadas na CC.

The myelogram, the hemogram, and the occurrence of apoptosis in peripheral blood and bone marrow in dogs with canine distemper (CD) of natural occurrence were studied. Fifteen dogs were distributed into two groups: (a) control - six clinically healthy animals with RT-PCR negative for canine distemper virus (CDV); and (b) infected - nine animals showing clinical CD manifestations and RT-PCR positive. The majority of dogs with CD (88.9 percent) presented discrete to moderate (hematocrit: 30.6 percent), normocytic (MCH: 67.9fL) and normochromic (MCHC: 34.1g/dL) anemia. All animals showed total leukocytes counting (11,600 cells/µL) and segmented neutrophils (8,802 cells/µL) within the limits of reference. Lymphopenia and left shift neutrophils were observed in 55.6 percent and 88.9 percent of the dogs, respectively. Additionally, the average counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils were 1,054 and 1,508cells/µL, respectively. The myelogram of all animals presented cellularity and M:E relation within the limits of reference. Haemogram and bone marrow of the control dogs had no alteration. Moreover, no apoptotic cells were detected in the smear of the peripheral blood of control animals. On the other side, dogs with CD presented a higher apoptotic index (AI), both in the peripheral blood (AI: 0.73 percent) and in the bone marrow (AI: 1.87 percent). Therefore, apoptosis may contribute to hematological changes observed in CD.

Alterações citológicas do sangue periférico e da medula óssea de cães com cinomose / Cytological alterations of the bone marrow and peripheral blood of dogs with canine distemper

Avaliaram-se o mielograma, o hemograma e a ocorrência de apoptose no sangue periférico e na medula óssea de cães com cinomose de ocorrência natural. Foram utilizados 15 cães distribuídos em dois grupos: (a) controle - seis animais clinicamente saudáveis com RT-PCR negativa para o vírus da cinomose canina (CC); (b) infectado - nove animais com manifestações clínicas de CC e RT-PCR positiva. Dos cães com CC, oito (88,9 por cento) apresentaram anemia discreta a moderada (hematócrito: 30,6 por cento), normocítica (VCM: 67,9fL) e normocrômica (CHCM: 34,1g/dL). Todos os animais apresentaram contagens médias normais de leucócitos totais (11600 células/µL) e neutrófilos segmentados (8802 células/µL). Linfopenia foi observada em cinco animais (55,6 por cento) e desvio nuclear dos neutrófilos para a esquerda em oito (88,9 por cento). As contagens médias de linfócitos e neutrófilos bastonetes foram, respectivamente, 1054 e 1508células/µL. No mielograma, todos os animais apresentaram celularidade e relação M:E dentro dos limites de referência. O hemograma e a medula óssea dos cães-controle não apresentaram alteração e não havia células em apoptose no esfregaço sanguíneo desses animais. Nos cães com CC, a média do índice apoptótico foi 0,73 por cento no esfregaço sanguíneo e 1,87 por cento na medula óssea. A apoptose, portanto, pode estar envolvida na patogênese das alterações hematológicas observadas na CC.(AU)

The myelogram, the hemogram, and the occurrence of apoptosis in peripheral blood and bone marrow in dogs with canine distemper (CD) of natural occurrence were studied. Fifteen dogs were distributed into two groups: (a) control - six clinically healthy animals with RT-PCR negative for canine distemper virus (CDV); and (b) infected - nine animals showing clinical CD manifestations and RT-PCR positive. The majority of dogs with CD (88.9 percent) presented discrete to moderate (hematocrit: 30.6 percent), normocytic (MCH: 67.9fL) and normochromic (MCHC: 34.1g/dL) anemia. All animals showed total leukocytes counting (11,600 cells/µL) and segmented neutrophils (8,802 cells/µL) within the limits of reference. Lymphopenia and left shift neutrophils were observed in 55.6 percent and 88.9 percent of the dogs, respectively. Additionally, the average counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils were 1,054 and 1,508cells/µL, respectively. The myelogram of all animals presented cellularity and M:E relation within the limits of reference. Haemogram and bone marrow of the control dogs had no alteration. Moreover, no apoptotic cells were detected in the smear of the peripheral blood of control animals. On the other side, dogs with CD presented a higher apoptotic index (AI), both in the peripheral blood (AI: 0.73 percent) and in the bone marrow (AI: 1.87 percent). Therefore, apoptosis may contribute to hematological changes observed in CD.(AU)

Hemograma de cães submetidos ao envenenamento experimental por Tityus serrulatus / Canine blood profile after experimental envenomation by Tityus serrulatus

Avaliou-se o hemograma de 12 cães adultos, saudáveis (14,2±5,4kg) após a inoculação de veneno do escorpião amarelo (Tityus serrulatus). Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos (G), com seis em cada: os do GI foram usados como controle e receberam 0,5mL de salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) por via subcutânea (SC) na face medial da coxa esquerda (FMCE), e os do GII receberam veneno liofilizado do T. serrulatus (250µg/kg) diluído em PBS por via SC na FMCE. Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue com anticoagulante EDTA a 10 por cento antes da inoculação do veneno (T0) e após 2h, (T1), 6h (T2), 12h (T3), 24h (T4), 48h (T5) e 72h (T6), para contagem de eritrócitos, leucócitos e plaquetas em aparelho contador eletrônico e esfregaços sanguíneos para contagem diferencial de leucócitos. Houve aumento significativo (P<0,05) dos valores de eritrócitos, volume globular e hemoglobina 2h e 6h após o envenenamento, devido à contração esplênica decorrente da dor local causada pelo veneno e pela liberação de catecolaminas. Foi observada leucocitose por aumento significativo (P<0,05) de neutrófilos e linfócitos 2h e 6h após o envenenamento. Concluiu-se que o veneno de Tityus serrulatus na dose de 250µg/kg, é capaz de aumentar os valores do eritrograma e do leucograma dos cães, provavelmente devido à dor local, com liberação de catecolaminas.

The canine blood profile after scorpion envenomation was evaluated using 12 healthy mongrel male dogs (14.2±5.4kg) distributed in two groups, with six animals in each: group I (control group) and group II (venom group). The lyophilized yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) venom (250µg/kg) diluted in 0.5mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was given to group II animals by subcutaneous injection, in the medial face of the left thigh. Group I animals received only 0.5mL of PBS, by subcutaneous injection, in the medial face of the left thigh. Blood samples were collected with EDTA before (T0) and 2 (T1), 6 (T2), 12 (T3), 24 (T4), 48 (T5), and 72h (T6) after envenomation. Significant increases (P<0.05) in erythrocytes counting, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration, 2 and 6h after envenomation were observed. Leukocytosis with significant increases (P<0.05) of neutrophils and lymphocytes 2 and 6h after envenomation was found. Then, T. serrulatus venom may induce alterations in blood profile in dogs, probably due to spleen contraction evoked by pain and catecholamines releasing.