ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Glioependymal cysts (GECs) are benign intracranial cysts that have been rarely reported in the literature. The exact pathogenesis of these developmental anomalies is controversial. Moreover, the terminology used to name GECs and other intracranial cysts is confusing because they are undistinguishably reported under a variety of names. The available information in the literature about GECs is scarce, and for this reason, a detailed description about these uncommon lesions is necessary. METHODS: An illustrative case is presented; in addition, a PubMed and Scopus search adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was performed to include studies reporting patients with GECs. Different information was analyzed in these patients to describe the characteristics of this condition. In addition, different sources of literature were analyzed to complete the description of this clinical entity. RESULTS: The literature review yielded 26 cases of patients with intracranial GECs showing a diversity of clinical manifestations. All studies were case reports or small case series. Different characteristics of GECs are described. Moreover, the authors suggest an updated classification of intracranial benign cysts. CONCLUSIONS: The data collected from this review shows that GECs are rare and very often are erroneously named. They are congenital benign lesions with a neuroectodermal origin that share many radiological characteristics with a variety of intracranial benign cysts. The definite diagnosis of GECs is confirmed by the presence of a glial layer in the cyst wall at histological examination. The appropriate surgical technique should be selected according to the location of the cyst and its proximity to the ventricles or subarachnoid space.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Cysts/diagnostic imaging , Neuroglia/pathology , Aged , Brain Diseases/pathology , Cerebral Ventricles/diagnostic imaging , Cerebral Ventricles/pathology , Cysts/pathology , Female , Humans , Subarachnoid Space/diagnostic imaging , Subarachnoid Space/pathologyABSTRACT
Este estudio analiza la asociación de la variable aceptación sociométrica con diversos índices de inadaptación socioemocional, estrés cotidiano y estilos de afrontamiento en escolares, atendiendo a diferencias de género y edad. La muestra se compone de 392 escolares de 9 a 12 años. Los resultados muestran correlaciones significativas negativas de la variable aceptación sociométrica con los índices de inadaptación socioemocional y el estrés cotidiano. Asimismo, se obtiene una correlación significativa positiva con el estilo de afrontamiento "en relación con los demás". Los resultados arrojan diferencias de género y edad, siendo la relación entre la aceptación sociométrica y las diversas variables medidas más fuerte en la submuestra de niñas y en los grupos de edad de 10 y 12 años. Finalmente, se expone la necesidad de utilizar los resultados obtenidos como punto de partida para el desarrollo de intervenciones psicopedagógicas con el objeto de prevenir el desarrollo de patrones de inadaptación emocional en la infancia.
This study examines the association of peer acceptance with different indexes of socio-emotional maladjustment, daily stress, and coping styles in school students, including gender and age differences. The sample consists of 392 schoolchildren aged from 9 to 12. Results show significant negative correlations of peer acceptance with emotional maladjustment indexes and daily stress. In addition, it shows a significant positive correlation with reference-toothers coping style. Results also indicate gender and age differences, specifically the relationships between peer acceptance and the different self-assessed measures, which are more significant among the girls' subgroup, and among the 10 and 12 year old subgroups. Finally, we emphasize the need to apply these results as a baseline for educational psychology interventions to prevent development of emotional maladjustment in childhood.
ABSTRACT
The liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) constitute a very specialized endothelium. Due to their multiple functions and privileged location in the liver, these cells constitute an excellent target for gene therapy. In this work, the authors investigate the efficiency of retroviral gene transduction as a method for in vitro gene delivery into murine LSECs. Gene transduction into murine LSECs was performed using the PCMMP-eGFP/pIK-MLVgp retrovirus pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-g), containing eGFP as a reporter gene. Retroviral transduction resulted in a high efficiency of gene transfer (99%) and stable expression of eGFP in LSECs. The retroviral transduction protocol did not affect the morphology or expression of endothelial cell markers or the biological functions of LSECs. The authors have developed conditions for high-efficiency and stable retroviral gene transduction of LSECs. These results raise the possibility of liver gene therapy using LSECs as vehicle for the delivery of therapeutic proteins by means of retroviral vectors.
Subject(s)
Liver/cytology , Retroviridae/genetics , Transduction, Genetic , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Flow Cytometry , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics , Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Mice , Time Factors , Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Several reports have shown that the expression of Sca-1 (Ly-6A/E), the most widely used murine hematopoietic stem cell marker, is restricted to blood vessels in several nonhematopoietic tissues. However, there is no information about which components are expressing Sca-1, and what the role of Sca-1 could be. Because we have previously shown that murine liver endothelial cells from the hepatic sinusoid (LSEC) express some HSC markers (i. e., CD34 and c-kit), we hypothesized that these cells could also express Sca-1. In this work, we show that Sca-1 is constitutively expressed in LSEC, as well as in the liver sinusoid lumen. The expression of Sca-1 in LSEC was confirmed at the mRNA and protein level by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence studies. The expression of Sca-1 was enhanced on the surface of LSEC by tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We examined whether Sca-1 ligation on the surface of LSEC regulates some biological response in these cells. Our results show that ligation of Sca-1 by the anti-Ly-6A/E monoclonal antibody (mAb) D7 stimulated the growth of LSEC and the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by these cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report that LSEC express Sca-1, which may constitute additional support to the theory of a common progenitor for the hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Our results show a novel role of Sca-1, indicating that it induces activation of LSEC to proliferate and to produce IL-6. These results suggest that Sca-1 may participate in several clinical conditions such as angiogenesis and inflammation.