A new PCR-RFLP-based method for an easier systematic affiliation of European water frogs.

We describe a non-invasive, PCR-RFLP-based method that allows reliable determination of the European water frog species Pelophylax lessonae and Pelophylax ridibundus and the hybrid form Pelophylax esculentus. Maximum-likelihood analysis of ITS2 sequences revealed two robust monophyletic clades corresponding to water frogs of the P. lessonae and P. ridibundus groups. Three restriction enzymes (KpnI, HaeII, and SmaI) were used to digest three conserved ITS2 domains. Taxonomic identification was unambiguous; the three restriction enzymes gave the same results. A French reference sample was identified using allozyme electrophoresis. Our PCR-RFLP method confirmed circa 83% of identification of the allozyme method. We conclude that the difference between identifications was caused by introgression.

Condition and phenotype-dependent dispersal in a damselfly, Calopteryx splendens.

Individual dispersal decisions may be affected by the internal state of the individual and the external information of its current environment. Here we estimated the influence of dispersal on survival and investigated if individual phenotype (sex and wing length) and environmental condition (conspecific density and sex-ratio) affected dispersal decisions in the banded damselfly, Calopteryx splendens. As suspected from the literature, we showed that the proportion of dispersing individuals was higher in females than in males. We also found negative-density dependent dispersal in both sexes and influence of sex-ratio on dispersal. Individuals moved less when sex-ratio was male biased. These results are consistent with a lek mating system where males aggregate in a place and hold mating territories. Contrary to our expectations, neither dispersal nor survival was affected by wing length. Nevertheless, mean adult survival was about 8% lower in dispersing individuals than in residents. This might reflect a mortality cost due to dispersal.

A case of reproductive character displacement in female palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus).

Reproductive character displacement is commonly described as larger phenotypic differences between species living in sympatry rather than in allopatry. We investigated this phenomenon on two amphibians found in their contact zone where syntopic and allotopic sites alternate. To test the effect of syntopy with Lissotriton vulgaris on the Lissotriton helveticus phenotype, we studied the morphology of adult males and females while controlling for environmental factors (i.e. land use and flood risk). Using linear mixed-effects models, we found that females of L. helveticus expressed a deeper tail when in the presence of the other species, a pattern consistent with reproductive character displacement. This pattern has been rarely observed in Amphibians. It suggests that male newts incur large mating costs when selecting heterospecific partners. Our study also emphasizes that the evolution of mate recognition systems could occur at a microgeographical scale within a sympatric area.

Introducing water frogs--is there a risk for indigenous species in France?

The ecological success of introduced species in their new environments is difficult to predict. Recently, the water frog species Rana ridibunda has raised interest, as different genetic lineages were introduced to various European countries. The aim of the present study was to analyze the potential invasiveness of R. ridibunda and assess the risk of replacement for indigenous water frog species. The investigation of over 700 water frogs from 22 locations in southern France and four locations in Spain shows that the competition with indigenous species is mainly limited to a particular habitat type, characterized by high-oxygen and low-salinity freshwater. The competitive strength of R. ridibunda may be related to a higher growth rate and longevity as compared to the indigenous species R. grafi and R. perezi. Our data suggest that R. ridibunda is a risk to the diversity of indigenous water frog assemblages in France. Future monitoring needs to clarify the distribution of R. ridibunda, its ecological niche, and the risk status for indigenous water frog species.

Sex-biased predation by polecats influences the mating system of frogs.

In agile frogs, Rana dalmatina, an increase in male-biased operational sex ratio and in male abundance results in the emergence of alternative male mating behaviour in the form of searching. As a consequence, females are coerced into mating with multiple males, which in turn increases the level of conflict between the sexes. Selective predation on males by the European polecat, Mustela putorius, decreases the occurrence of polyandry. In ponds visited by polecats, the sex ratio is less male biased than in ponds where polecats are absent. As a result most males call to attract females and fewer males actively search for females. Females are able to choose between calling males and mate with a single male. Thus, predation by polecats is found to influence sex ratio, male abundance and sexual conflict in a frog mating system, restricting the opportunity for multiple mating.

Inbreeding and road effect zone in a Ranidae: the case of Agile frog, Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840.

Inbreeding has often been invoked in the extinction of local populations. In eleven western France populations of Agile frog studied, observed heterozygosity was significantly lower than expected in all cases, giving new evidence of such a depression in small populations. It especially occurred in ponds located near an highway rather than in undisturbed populations (FIS = 0.544 and 0.315, respectively). Thus, our results argue for a "road effect zone". Discussing about road distance and conservation policies, we propose that roads are directly involved in inbreeding and in local extinction. Thus, road construction ought to consider conservation management.

Frog alien species: a way for genetic invasion?

European water frogs are characterized by anthropic introductions and Rana ridibunda may be considered as an invasive species. As such translocations may result in introgression of exotic genes in native populations, i.e. genetic pollution, we studied genetic characteristics (on 11 allozymic loci) of natural versus introduced water frogs. Our study contributed to (1) disclose 3 genetic markers allowing the identification of exotic frogs; (2) quantify the proportion of exotic frogs found in natural populations; and (3) suggest how genetic pollution may arise in these frogs.