Citologia nas neoplasias cutâneas de cães / Cytology in skin neoplasms of dogs

O uso da citologia em Medicina Veterinária vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Além de ser uma técnicade baixo custo, é minimamente invasiva e indolor para o animal. Através dela pode-se diferenciar umprocesso inflamatório de uma formação neoplásica ou hiperplásica em um tempo reduzido quando comparadoà histopatologia. Seu emprego na rotina laboratorial para o diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasiascutâneas tem oferecido grande auxílio para a tomada de decisões dos Médicos Veterinários, visto que adermatologia veterinária é uma especialidade amplamente procurada pelos proprietários de pequenosanimais. Este fato se deve, provavelmente, ao motivo de que as lesões de pele chamam a atenção pelavisibilidade e até por causarem repulsa. Em função disto, objetivou-se com essa revisão descrever asprincipais neoplasias cutâneas caninas encontradas no exame citológico, sendo elas classificadas em neoplasiasde origem epitelial, mesenquimal, de células redondas e melanocíticas.(AU)

The use of cytology in veterinary medicine has increased in recent years. Besides being a low cost techniqueis minimally invasive and painless for the animal. Its useful to differentiate an inflammatory processof a neoplastic or hyperplastic one in a reduced time when compared to histopathology. Its use in laboratoryroutine for the presumptive diagnosis of skin cancer has given a great help in making decisionsof veterinarians, veterinary dermatology as a specialty is widely sought by owners of small animals,probably due to the reason that skin lesions were notable for visibility, and even to cause revulsion. Theaim of this review is to describe the main canine cutaneous neoplasms found in cytological exam, whichwere classified in tumors of epithelial, mesenchymal, round cell and melanocytic origin.(AU)

Citologia nas neoplasias cutâneas de cães / Cytology in skin neoplasms of dogs

O uso da citologia em Medicina Veterinária vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Além de ser uma técnicade baixo custo, é minimamente invasiva e indolor para o animal. Através dela pode-se diferenciar umprocesso inflamatório de uma formação neoplásica ou hiperplásica em um tempo reduzido quando comparadoà histopatologia. Seu emprego na rotina laboratorial para o diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasiascutâneas tem oferecido grande auxílio para a tomada de decisões dos Médicos Veterinários, visto que adermatologia veterinária é uma especialidade amplamente procurada pelos proprietários de pequenosanimais. Este fato se deve, provavelmente, ao motivo de que as lesões de pele chamam a atenção pelavisibilidade e até por causarem repulsa. Em função disto, objetivou-se com essa revisão descrever asprincipais neoplasias cutâneas caninas encontradas no exame citológico, sendo elas classificadas em neoplasiasde origem epitelial, mesenquimal, de células redondas e melanocíticas.

The use of cytology in veterinary medicine has increased in recent years. Besides being a low cost techniqueis minimally invasive and painless for the animal. It’s useful to differentiate an inflammatory processof a neoplastic or hyperplastic one in a reduced time when compared to histopathology. Its use in laboratoryroutine for the presumptive diagnosis of skin cancer has given a great help in making decisionsof veterinarians, veterinary dermatology as a specialty is widely sought by owners of small animals,probably due to the reason that skin lesions were notable for visibility, and even to cause revulsion. Theaim of this review is to describe the main canine cutaneous neoplasms found in cytological exam, whichwere classified in tumors of epithelial, mesenchymal, round cell and melanocytic origin.

Aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em cães: relato de caso / Cythopathological aspects in a dog with hemangiopericytoma: case report

Hemangiopericitoma é um sarcoma de tecidos moles que acomete, principalmente, cães. Trata- -se de uma neoplasia, na maioria das vezes, solitária, invasiva, de tamanho variável, geralmente alopécico, ulcerado, e que acomete extremidades dos membros. A excisão cirúrgica é o tratamentode escolha, e as recidivas são comuns, mas dificilmente ocorre metástase. Relatam-se os aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em um cão, confirmado pelo exame histopatológico. (AU)

Hemangiopericytoma is a sarcoma of soft tissue that affects mainly dogs. It is often a solitary and invasive neoplasm of variable size. It usually presents an alopecic and ulcerated aspect and affects the distal parts of the limbs. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and a relapse are common, but rarely has metastasized. This paper reports cytopathological aspectsof hemangiopericytoma in a dog, confirmed by histopathology. (AU)

Aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em cães: relato de caso / Cythopathological aspects in a dog with hemangiopericytoma: case report

Hemangiopericitoma é um sarcoma de tecidos moles que acomete, principalmente, cães. Trata- -se de uma neoplasia, na maioria das vezes, solitária, invasiva, de tamanho variável, geralmente alopécico, ulcerado, e que acomete extremidades dos membros. A excisão cirúrgica é o tratamentode escolha, e as recidivas são comuns, mas dificilmente ocorre metástase. Relatam-se os aspectos citopatológicos do hemangiopericitoma em um cão, confirmado pelo exame histopatológico.

Hemangiopericytoma is a sarcoma of soft tissue that affects mainly dogs. It is often a solitary and invasive neoplasm of variable size. It usually presents an alopecic and ulcerated aspect and affects the distal parts of the limbs. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and a relapse are common, but rarely has metastasized. This paper reports cytopathological aspectsof hemangiopericytoma in a dog, confirmed by histopathology.

Complete blood count and acetylcholinesterase activity of lymphocytes of demyelinated and ovariectomized rats treated with resveratrol.

Resveratrol is a phytoestrogen that has many beneficial actions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of resveratrol on the complete blood count (CBC) and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of lymphocytes of ovariectomized rats experimentally demyelinated by ethidium bromide (EB). Forty adult female Wistar rats (60 days, 200-220 g) were divided randomly into five groups (n = 4) to evaluate the demyelination phase and five groups (n = 4) to evaluate the remyelination phase. In each phase, the groups consisted of sham rats-G1; ovariectomized rats, not demyelinated, treated only with vehicle (ethanol 25%)-G2; demyelinated ovariectomized rats treated only with vehicle-G3; ovariectomized rats, not demyelinated, treated with resveratrol-G4; and demyelinated ovariectomized rats treated with resveratrol-G5. Only during the remyelination phase, CBC showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the number of monocytes between G2 and G5 groups. In the demyelination phase, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the AChE activity in the G4 group, while the G5 group was statistically similar to the G1, G2 and G4 groups. In the remyelination phase, there were no significant differences in the AChE activity among the groups. The treatment for 7 days with resveratrol with or without the experimental demyelization with EB appears to influence the AChE activity of lymphocytes, without changing the number of these cells in the circulation. However, in the remyelination phase, there seems to be stabilization in its effect on the lymphocyte AChE activity.

17-ß estradiol in the acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain and blood of ovariectomized adult and middle-aged rats.

AIMS: To investigate the 17-ß estradiol in the acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain and blood of ovariectomized rats of different ages. MAIN METHODS: Animals were randomly assigned into three experimental groups of each age (n=6). Control groups consisted of adult (sham-A) and middle-aged (sham-MA) female rats, ovariectomized adult (OVX-A) and middle-aged (OVX-MA) rats without estrogen therapy reposition, and ovariectomized adult (OVX+E2-A) and middle-aged (OVX+E2-MA) rats treated with 17-ß estradiol for 30days. After this period, AChE activity and lipid peroxidation were measured in the brain and blood. KEY FINDINGS: The AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in striatum (ST) in OVX-A, OVX+E2-A and OVX-MA, and hippocampus (HP) in OVX-MA. The enzyme activity decreased (p<0.05) in ST of OVX+E2-MA, and cerebral cortex (CC) in OVX+E2-A, OVX-MA and OVX+E2-MA. Blood AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in OVX+E2-A and decreased (p<0.05) in OVX-MA. Lymphocyte AChE activity increased (p<0.05) in OVX-A and OVX+E2-A and decreased (p<0.05) in OVX-MA. Lipid peroxidation increased (p<0.05) in ST of OVX-A, CC of OVX-A and OVX-MA, HP of OVX-A, and cerebellum (CE) of OVX-A, OVX-MA, and OVX+E2-MA. Lipid peroxidation decreased (p<0.05) in ST, CC and CE of OVX+E2-A, and ST and HP of OVX+E2-MA. Similar values of lipid peroxidation to control groups were found in ST and HP of OVX-MA, HP of OVX+E2-A and CC of OVX+E2-MA. SIGNIFICANCE: 17-ß estradiol is able to modulate the AChE activity and non-neuronal cholinergic response as well as to reduce lipid peroxidation. Its response is dependent on the age and brain structure analyzed.

Mastocitoma e mastocitemia em um cão / Mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog

Um canino, sem raça definida, foi atendido apresentando pequenos nódulos cutâneos avermelhadosdistribuídos pelo corpo. Foi solicitada a citologia aspirativa por agulha fina na qual se verificou a presençade grande quantidade de mastócitos com características neoplásicas. No esfregaço sanguíneofoi possível visualizar mastócitos circulantes. A mastocitemia pode indicar um mau prognóstico causadopela infiltração de células neoplásicas na medula óssea. Portanto, este trabalho objetiva relatarum caso de mastocitoma acompanhado de mastocitemia em um cão para um melhor esclarecimentoaos clínicos veterinários.

This paper aims to report a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog. A mixed-breed dog wastreated showing small reddish nodules in the skin distributed throughout the body.Fine-needle aspirationcytology was performed and thus, it was possible to see the presence of a large number ofneoplastic mast cells. In the blood smear was possible to visualize circulating mast cells. Mastocitemiacan indicate a bad prognosis caused by the infiltrating neoplastic process in the bone marrow. Thus,the aim of this paper is to describe a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog to a better understandingof the veterinary clinicians.

Mastocitoma e mastocitemia em um cão / Mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog

Um canino, sem raça definida, foi atendido apresentando pequenos nódulos cutâneos avermelhadosdistribuídos pelo corpo. Foi solicitada a citologia aspirativa por agulha fina na qual se verificou a presençade grande quantidade de mastócitos com características neoplásicas. No esfregaço sanguíneofoi possível visualizar mastócitos circulantes. A mastocitemia pode indicar um mau prognóstico causadopela infiltração de células neoplásicas na medula óssea. Portanto, este trabalho objetiva relatarum caso de mastocitoma acompanhado de mastocitemia em um cão para um melhor esclarecimentoaos clínicos veterinários.(AU)

This paper aims to report a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog. A mixed-breed dog wastreated showing small reddish nodules in the skin distributed throughout the body.Fine-needle aspirationcytology was performed and thus, it was possible to see the presence of a large number ofneoplastic mast cells. In the blood smear was possible to visualize circulating mast cells. Mastocitemiacan indicate a bad prognosis caused by the infiltrating neoplastic process in the bone marrow. Thus,the aim of this paper is to describe a case of mastocytoma and mastocitemia in a dog to a better understandingof the veterinary clinicians.(AU)

Protein profile of buffaloes of different ages

Background: In Brazil, the official buffalo herd has about three million animals, distributed over many states of the country. Many times, abnormalities found in proteinogram are not related to illness conditions, but with physiological organic and individuals conditions, that are relatively constant. The interpretation of biochemical constituents depends on the disponibility of knowledge of the variation that exists among different species of animals. Factors like age, stage of development, breed, hormones, pregnancy, nutrition, stress and loss of fluid are directly related to changes in proteinogram. Proteinogram is an important auxiliary exam, helpfull to clinical biochemistry, and represents one of the most reliable methods for identification of blood proteins. The aim of this research was to evaluate the proteinogram of buffaloes of different ages reared in extensive system in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-five buffaloes were separated into three groups: group 1 (n = 15), six-months old animals; group 2 (n = 16), twelve-month old animals and group 3 (n = 14), twenty-four months old animals. The total serum protein were determined by the biuret method, using commercial reagent Labtest® and the analysis were realized in semi-automatic spectrophotometer BioPlus-Bio-2000®, according to fabricant instructions. The fractionation of serum proteins were determined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips celugell Labex®. The samples were layered on the strip and, after the closing of the horizontal plane, it was applied a constant voltage of 220 volts for 15 min. Significant differences were verified among groups in the following protein fractions: total serum protein, betaglobulin, gammaglobulin and albumin:globulin ratio. In correlation tests, there was a positive correlation between total proteins and gamaglobulins, albumin:globulin ratio and albumin and negative correlation between the albumin:globulin ratio and gamaglobulins. Discussion: With age, there is a significant increase in total serum protein, as can be seen in our work. Thus, it is possible to justify the increase in total serum proteins with the increase of gamaglobulins. In a study realized, who evaluated pregnant sheeps, observed that the total serum protein concentration diminishes with the proximity of the parturition, indicating the importance in evaluating the total serum proteins in different moments of life in different species. With age, the total serum protein tend to increase, resulting in decrease in albumin, with progressive increase in globulins. However, in this study, it was not noticed any significant statistic difference in albumin among the groups. Proteins that compose the alfaglobulin, are acute phase proteins and their concentrations increase rapidly in response to antigenic and traumatic stimuli in bovine. However, in our study, no statistic difference was observed. The proteins that compose the betaglobulin fraction are: lipoprotein, transferrin, ferritin, hemopexin, complement C3, protein C-reative, complement C4, plasminogen and fibrinogen. Some authors observed a decrease in fraction beta at the end of gestation in sheeps, other did not observed any variation in this fraction in neonatal bovine. The proteins that compose the gamaglobulin fraction are immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM. In general, due to the age, there is an increase in gamaglobulin concentration, because of a higher exposure of organism to pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Similar data were observed in this study. The results indicate that there are some variations according to the analyzed age. Then, some abnormalities found in the protein profile may be due to physiological variations.(AU)

cat

Background: The family Capillariidae includes several species that parasite a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Species such as Capillaria plica and Capillaria feliscati are found in the bladder, kidneys and ureters of domestic and wild carnivores. These nematodes are not still well known in Brazil, but have a great importance for studies of urinary tract diseases in domestic animals, mainly cats. The parasites life cycle is still unclear, may be direct or involve a paratenic host, such as the earthworm. Eggs are laid in the bladder and thus are discarded to the environment, where the larvae develop and are ingested by hosts. It is believed that the ingestion of soil and material contaminated with infective larvae derived from the decomposition of dead earthworms may be an alternative pathway for infection of animals. It has been reported in dogs a pre-patent period between 61 and 88 days. In Germany, the prevalence of C. plica in domestic cats was about 6%, with higher incidence in males, whereas in wild cats the prevalence of C. plica and C. feliscati was 7%, also with higher incidence in males. In Brazil, the first report of Capillaria sp. in a domestic cat was only done in 2008. Thus, the purpose of this report is to describe the importance of urinalysis in cases of suspected capillariasis and alert small animals clinicians on the occurrence of this disease as a cause of lower urinary tract disease feline (LUTDF) in the country. Case: It was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (HVU-UFSM), a male adult feline, mixed breed, presenting urinary incontinence and dysuria. We requested additional tests, including urinalysis, which was observed during the examination of sediment, eggs similars to Capillaria sp. The species was not determined due to the morphological similarity between the eggs of Capillaria plica and Capillaria feliscati. The results of the serum biochemistry were adequate for the feline species, while the CBC showed only eosinophilia. The animal was treated with a single dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg / kg SC), but the animal dead 21 days after initial treatment. Discussion: Cases of Capillaria sp. in the bladder of dogs and cats are rarely reported because, in most cases, clinical signs are not observed due to low parasite load that they show. However, when there are clinical signs can be observed polaciuria, dysuria, cystitis, and inappropriate urination. Infections are usually self limiting, however, in the presence of clinical signs, treatment should be instituted. In the present case, the animal had only urinary incontinence and dysuria. The collection of the urine sample through cystocentesis is indicated in suspected cases of capillariasis, to avoid contamination of urine with feces and eggs of Trichuris sp. what may lead to a misdiagnosis. The urinary sediment is a qualitative test for diagnosis of this infection. Although the infection by the different species of Capillaria be uncommon, it is important that clinicians be alert for refractory cases of LUTDF that dont answer to the conventional treatment, performing urinalysis for possible occurrence of Capillaria sp. eggs in the urinary sediment.(AU)

Protein profile of buffaloes of different ages

Background: In Brazil, the official buffalo herd has about three million animals, distributed over many states of the country. Many times, abnormalities found in proteinogram are not related to illness conditions, but with physiological organic and individuals conditions, that are relatively constant. The interpretation of biochemical constituents depends on the disponibility of knowledge of the variation that exists among different species of animals. Factors like age, stage of development, breed, hormones, pregnancy, nutrition, stress and loss of fluid are directly related to changes in proteinogram. Proteinogram is an important auxiliary exam, helpfull to clinical biochemistry, and represents one of the most reliable methods for identification of blood proteins. The aim of this research was to evaluate the proteinogram of buffaloes of different ages reared in extensive system in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-five buffaloes were separated into three groups: group 1 (n = 15), six-months old animals; group 2 (n = 16), twelve-month old animals and group 3 (n = 14), twenty-four months old animals. The total serum protein were determined by the biuret method, using commercial reagent Labtest® and the analysis were realized in semi-automatic spectrophotometer BioPlus-Bio-2000®, according to fabricant instructions. The fractionation of serum proteins were determined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips celugell Labex®. The samples were layered on the strip and, after the closing of the horizontal plane, it was applied a constant voltage of 220 volts for 15 min. Significant differences were verified among groups in the following protein fractions: total serum protein, betaglobulin, gammaglobulin and albumin:globulin ratio. In correlation tests, there was a positive correlation between total proteins and gamaglobulins, albumin:globulin ratio and albumin and negative correlation between the albumin:globulin ratio and gamaglobulins. Discussion: With age, there is a significant increase in total serum protein, as can be seen in our work. Thus, it is possible to justify the increase in total serum proteins with the increase of gamaglobulins. In a study realized, who evaluated pregnant sheeps, observed that the total serum protein concentration diminishes with the proximity of the parturition, indicating the importance in evaluating the total serum proteins in different moments of life in different species. With age, the total serum protein tend to increase, resulting in decrease in albumin, with progressive increase in globulins. However, in this study, it was not noticed any significant statistic difference in albumin among the groups. Proteins that compose the alfaglobulin, are acute phase proteins and their concentrations increase rapidly in response to antigenic and traumatic stimuli in bovine. However, in our study, no statistic difference was observed. The proteins that compose the betaglobulin fraction are: lipoprotein, transferrin, ferritin, hemopexin, complement C3, protein C-reative, complement C4, plasminogen and fibrinogen. Some authors observed a decrease in fraction beta at the end of gestation in sheeps, other did not observed any variation in this fraction in neonatal bovine. The proteins that compose the gamaglobulin fraction are immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM. In general, due to the age, there is an increase in gamaglobulin concentration, because of a higher exposure of organism to pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Similar data were observed in this study. The results indicate that there are some variations according to the analyzed age. Then, some abnormalities found in the protein profile may be due to physiological variations.

Lipid peroxidation associated with anemia in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi.

This study aimed to assess the plasma lipid peroxidation and the susceptibility of erythrocytes to in vitro peroxidation as indicators of oxidative damage in erythrocytes and their roles in the pathogenesis of anemia during the early acute phase of Trypanosoma evansi infection in rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: three trypanosome-infected groups (T(2), T(4) and T(6); n=10 animals per group) and four uninfected controls (C(0), C(2), C(4) and C(6); n=5 animals per group). Animals from trypanosome-infected groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(6) trypanosomes. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture before infection (day 0; group C(0)) or on the 2nd (C(2) and T(2)), 4th (C(4) and T(4)) and 6th (C(6) and T(6)) day post-infection (dpi). Samples were analyzed for red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and in vitro peroxidation of erythrocytes. The mean values of the hematological indices gradually decreased in the infected rats compared with the control. MDA was significantly increased (P<0.001) on the 6th dpi in infected versus control animals and was negatively correlated with PCV (P<0.001; R(2)=0.372). The values for erythrocyte in vitro peroxidation were higher for groups T(4) and T(6) than for the control rats (P<0.01). A positive correlation between erythrocyte peroxidation and MDA (P<0.001; R(2)=0.414) was observed. The results of this study indicate that T. evansi infection in rats is associated with oxidative stress, indicated by lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage in erythrocyte membranes, as demonstrated by in vitro peroxidation. This may be one of the causes of anemia in acute trypanosomosis.