Early and late cyanobacterial bloomers in a shallow, eutrophic lake.

Cyanobacterial blooms present challenges for water treatment, especially in regions like the Canadian prairies where poor water quality intensifies water treatment issues. Buoyant cyanobacteria that resist sedimentation present a challenge as water treatment operators attempt to balance pre-treatment and toxic disinfection by-products. Here, we used microscopy to identify and describe the succession of cyanobacterial species in Buffalo Pound Lake, a key drinking water supply. We used indicator species analysis to identify temporal grouping structures throughout two sampling seasons from May to October 2018 and 2019. Our findings highlight two key cyanobacterial bloom phases - a mid-summer diazotrophic bloom of Dolichospermum spp. and an autumn Planktothrix agardhii bloom. Dolichospermum crassa and Woronichinia compacta served as indicators of the mid-summer and autumn bloom phases, respectively. Different cyanobacterial metabolites were associated with the distinct bloom phases in both years: toxic microcystins were associated with the mid-summer Dolichospermum bloom and some newly monitored cyanopeptides (anabaenopeptin A and B) with the autumn Planktothrix bloom. Despite forming a significant proportion of the autumn phytoplankton biomass (>60%), the Planktothrix bloom had previously not been detected by sensor or laboratory-derived chlorophyll-a. Our results demonstrate the power of targeted taxonomic identification of key species as a tool for managers of bloom-prone systems. Moreover, we describe an autumn Planktothrix agardhii bloom that has the potential to disrupt water treatment due to its evasion of detection. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying this autumn bloom given the expectation that warmer temperatures and a longer ice-free season will become the norm.

Contribution of nitrogen sources to streams in mixed-use catchments varies seasonally in a cold temperate region.

Intensive agriculture and growing human populations are important nitrogen (N) sources thought to be associated with eutrophication. However, the contribution and seasonality of N delivery to streams from human activities is poorly understood and knowledge of the role of stream communities in the assimilation of N from human activities is limited. We used N and oxygen stable isotope ratios of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and concentrations of artificial sweeteners to identify the relative contribution of key sources of anthropogenic N (i.e., fertilizers, human, and livestock waste) to tributaries of the Red River Valley (RRV), Manitoba, Canada. Water and algae were sampled in 14 RRV tributaries during snowmelt, spring, summer, and autumn; and water was sampled at three locations in the Red River in spring, summer, and autumn. δ15N values of DIN in tributary water differed seasonally and were greatest during snowmelt. Incorporation of ammonium δ15N provided evidence for the importance of manure N to tributaries during snowmelt. Fertilizer and municipal lagoons served as principal sources of N to streams in spring and summer. Human and livestock waste sources of N were the dominant contributor to algae at greater than 90% of sites and algae δ15N was greatest at sites downstream of municipal lagoons. We also showed that the tributaries contribute human and livestock waste N to the Red River, though much of the nitrate in the river originates outside of Manitoba. Overall, our study determined that the anthropogenic sources of N to RRV streams vary seasonally, likely due to regional hydrologic conditions. Our study also showed the potential of artificial sweeteners and ammonium δ15N as tools for identifying N sources to rivers. Moreover, we demonstrate the need for the management of N sources and the protection of stream function to control downstream transfer of N from landscapes to waterbodies.

Fate of bioavailable nutrients released to a stream during episodic effluent releases from a municipal wastewater treatment lagoon.

Municipal wastewater lagoons are common across North America and, unlike larger mechanical wastewater treatment plants, typically release nutrient-rich effluent directly to rivers in intermittent pulses. However, little is known about the fate of nutrients from these episodic events, which may happen under varying hydrologic or thermal conditions. We assessed fate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from lagoon effluent during three releases to Deadhorse Creek, Manitoba, Canada. Using net nutrient uptake lengths and natural abundance stable isotope ratios of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and primary producers, we found that DIN was processed during the summer releases though the dominant mechanism was unclear. However, nitrate was largely exported in autumn. Primary producers assimilated lagoon N but did not appear to reduce DIN concentrations. The longitudinal pattern of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) varied between releases and in summer 2019 the stream became a net source of SRP despite concomitant processing of DIN. We hypothesize that low demand for P in Deadhorse Creek, as suggested by upstream SRP > 0.05 mg P L-1, and nutrient ratios indicative of N limitation, reduced instream processing of P. Furthermore, our results indicated that cool or high flow conditions may result in the export of much of the lagoon nutrient load downstream. Our findings suggest the processes that transform wastewater nutrients are overwhelmed during effluent releases. Managers should consider increasing effluent dilution via continuous release of effluent rather than pulsed delivery. However, management of upstream nutrient supply may also be needed when relying upon the self-purifying capacity of rivers.