Feed materials - Levels and characteristic profiles of dioxins and PCBs.

Dioxins (PCDD/PCDF) are toxic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment; although present in low concentrations, they are persistent and highly toxic and they bioaccumulate in food chains. Therefore, it is very important that feed is free of these types of contaminants, because otherwise they can become a source that can negatively affect animal health and the safety of food of animal origin. The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess the concentrations of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a variety of feed materials available on the Polish market. In addition, characteristic profiles of congeners for given categories of feeds were investigated and defined. Approximately 95 % of the 523 samples of various feed materials tested over seven years (2013-2018 and 2022) met the requirements of European Union feed law (Commission Regulation 277/2012/EU). The highest average PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCB concentrations were found in fish oils and meal and were respectively 1.17 ± 0.78 and 5.51 ± 4.51 ng WHO-TEQ/kg of feed at 12 % moisture. Median and background level concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs, dl-PCBs, PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCBs, and ndl-PCBs were significantly lower than their average concentrations for each individual feed material category. The WHO-TEQ profiles enabled the identification of three different characteristic profiles in feed materials.

Occurrence and dietary intake of dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs), PCBs, and flame retardants (PBDEs and HBCDDs) in baby food and infant formula.

This study determines the levels of 49 persistent organic pollutants which were grouped into polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), in infant formula and varieties of baby food. The analyzed samples (n = 80) came from stores all over Poland. The presence of PCDD/F, PCDD/F/PCB and non dioxin-like (ndl)-PCB congeners above the maximum levels stipulated in Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011 was not detected in any sample. The determined average content of PCDD/Fs/dl-PCBs in the tested baby foods was in the range of 4-10 % of the maximum level, and content of ndl-PCBs was in the range of 2-6 % of the maximum level. Despite these low levels of dioxins, furans, and PCBs, a risk analysis assuming weekly consumption of the recommended food intake showed exceedances of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI). The content of flame retardants was low in all examined categories of food for children and infant formula. The lower-bound concentration of the sum of HBCDD isomers (LB ∑HBCDDs) ranged from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 0.0313 ng/g w.w. and the concentration of ∑PBDEs was in a 0.001-1.014 ng/g w.w. range. Neither infant formula nor baby food contributed considerably to infant exposure to HBCDDs or PBDEs. Our research indicates that the safe exposure thresholds for dioxins and PCBs in foods for infants and young children may be too high and perhaps it may be necessary to amend the legislation setting acceptable limits for baby food. It seems reasonable to introduce a recommendation on the frequency of food consumption for children and the control of raw materials for food production, in particular fish and cow milk, should be a permanent control point in the food safety assurance system.

Dioxin transfer simulation from feed to animal tissues and risk assessment.

Dioxins might be introduced into the food chain through a direct or an indirect pathway. The main source of human exposure to dioxins is food of animal origin, whereas feeds are the main route of exposure of farmed animals to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. The aim of the study was to simulate dioxin passage from feed to tissues on farm animals using transfer models, and, in addition, to assess the risk to consumers of food of animal origin. From over 700 feed samples analyzed over the course of 9 years (2013-2021), those exceeding the maximum permissible levels set down in Commission Regulation No 277/2012/EU were selected. These samples being derived from real cases of dioxin contamination made it possible to present the most realistic picture of the effects these feed materials could have had if they had entered the food chain. Three species of animals were selected (laying hens, dairy cattle and slaughter pigs), for which feed materials with dioxin contents exceeding the maximum permissible level were selected in accordance with the nutritional recommendations. The calculated PCDD/PCDF concentrations in chicken eggs, cow's milk and pork were above the maximum permissible level in most cases.

Infant formula and baby food as a source of perfluoroalkyl substances for infants.

The present study reports infants' exposure to fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in infant formula and baby food. First infant milk, follow-on milk and three types of baby food were analyzed: a variety made of fruits and vegetables, a variety with added fish and one containing meat. The mean lower-bound (LB) concentration of ∑14 PFASs was 0.22 µg/kg wet weight (w.w.) in first infant milk and 0.24 µg/kg w. w. In follow-on milk. Lower levels were noticed in baby food, where the mean LB concentration of ∑14 PFASs was in a 0.019-0.025 µg/kg w. w. Range. Perfluorotetradecanoic acid was found to be in the highest concentration both in baby formula and baby food. Dietary intake of ∑14 PFASs (LB concentration) via infant formula was in 0.3-83.1 ng/kg body weight (b.w.) and 0.3-31.1 ng/kg b. w ranges for first infant milk and follow-on milk respectively. The mean dietary intakes of ∑14 PFASs via one serving of baby food were similar for three varieties and were in a 0.46-0.57 ng/kg b. w. Range. Dietary intake of ∑4 PFASs was negligible in regard to the tolerable weekly intake of 4.4 ng/kg b. w. Recently established by the European Food Safety Authority. This preliminary study brings new information on infant exposure to PFASs in Poland. It is suggested that more sensitive methods be used in the future, and since there are many types of infant foods with different compositions of ingredients, more studies should be conducted.

Feed as a source of dioxins and PCBs.

Dioxins (PCDD/PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of undesirable chemicals classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The main route of human exposure to these compounds is through the diet (about 80%), with food of animal origin being the predominant source. For this reason, animal feed can contribute significantly to the presence of these compounds in food. The aim of this study was to present the concentrations of dioxins and PCBs as well as congener profiles in feed exceeding the acceptable limits (277/2012/EU). In addition, an attempt was made to identify the source of contamination for the different types of contaminated feedstuffs. Among a total of 743 samples of feed materials from the Polish market tested between 2013 and 2021, exceedances of the maximum levels of dioxins and PCBs were found in 21 samples (2.8%). The largest group among the non-compliant feed samples were feed materials of plant origin (43%) followed in decreasing order by vegetable oils and fats of animal origin (24%), materials of mineral origin (9%), and fish oils and meals (5%). The exceedances of the dioxin limits in the category feed materials of plant origin were only caused by dried materials (pulp, dried alfalfa, dried apple). Furthermore, for 8 (1%) samples, the concentrations of test substances exceeding the Action Levels (AL) were recorded.