Loneliness and associated factors among older adults during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain.

Considering the health outcomes of loneliness, it is important to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic for older adults to facilitate detection and intervention. The aim of this study was to examine loneliness among Spanish older adults during the first wave lockdown and associated factors, in comparison to younger adults. An online survey was completed by 3508 adults (401 aged 60 or above). Older adults felt higher social loneliness than younger adults, but lower emotional loneliness. Living alone, poor mental health, and poor healthy habits were related to higher loneliness for both age groups. The results suggest that loneliness should be an important factor in primary care, and prevention efforts should be taken, e.g., by generating open and safe community spaces and contexts for social interaction and promoting the access and ability to use technologies that maintain social connections.

Factors Related to Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain.

The COVID-19 disease has forced governments to adopt exceptional measures. The lockdown decreed in Spain in 2020 required citizens to stay confined at home, which might have affected their mental health. The objective is to identify factors that influenced adults' mental health during this period. A sample of 3,508 adults from the Spanish general population completed an online survey that collected sociodemographic data and information about daily planning and activities, healthy habits, loneliness, coping humor and mental health. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. According to the results, the proposed model showed good fit values, and latent variables explained 30% of the variance in mental health. Loneliness, coping humor, healthy habits, age and gender had a significant weight in the prediction of mental health during lockdown. Area of residence, number of days of confinement and number of people in the household were not related to mental health. This study addresses the effect of COVID-19 and social distancing measures by identifying risk and protective factors for the development of mental health difficulties. There is a need to target specific and early interventions aimed at mitigating the psychological impact of the pandemic while increasing well-being, especially in more vulnerable groups.

"Surviving the Violence, Humiliation, and Loneliness Means Getting High": Violence, Loneliness, and Health of Female Sex Workers.

Sex workers are particularly vulnerable to violence, isolation, and stigmatization. This study uses the theory of loneliness to explore the relations among violence, self-esteem, loneliness, health, and drug use. Specifically, this study tested a model in which loneliness mediates the relationship between situational (violence) and characterological (self-esteem) loneliness factors and physical and psychological health and drug abuse. The study sample consisted of 146 sex workers from one region of Spain, recruited through the purposive sampling method. Partial least squares (PLS) path modeling has been employed to test the hypothesis. The findings of this study suggest that two kinds of violence (physical and psychological) have a direct and positive influence on loneliness, so that higher levels of violence increase loneliness, while self-esteem has a protector role on loneliness. Loneliness has a direct and negative impact on psychological and physical health, and determines an increase in drug use, which, in turn, decreases both physical and psychological health. The results support, among other points, that policy makers and sex worker service programs need to be aware of how loneliness plays a role in the health and risk behavior of sex workers. Society has an important role to improve sex workers' health and minimize their risk behavior.

Determinantes de la satisfacción con un programa no competitivo de actividades físico-deportivas / / Determinantes da satisfação com um programa não competitivo de atividades físicas e esportivas / Satisfaction determinants through a non-competitive sport and physical activity program

La participación en actividades físico-deportivas no competitivas dirigidas a los más jóvenes se ha convertido en un medio de formación excelente, pero solo en la medida en que se adquieran compromisos de permanencia, un cierto grado de adherencia a dichos programas y bajos índices de abandonos. Determinar los factores que explican la satisfacción y la fidelización se convierte entonces en un objetivo de cualquier programa formativo. Con una muestra de 1.112 estudiantes de Primaria, y utilizando el Cuestionario de Satisfacción y Percepción de Calidad de Programas de Actividades-físico-deportivas No-competitivas (CSCAN) del que se comprueba su validez y fiabilidad, se ha elaborado un modelo explicativo de la satisfacción mediante técnicas de Regresión por Mínimos Cuadrados Parciales (PLS), en el que las actitudes hacia el deporte no competitivo, junto con la valoración de los monitores y la incidencia del programa en la práctica deportiva externa se presentan como los elementos más determinantes en la satisfacción percibida. Por último, se analizan las consecuencias que para estos programas formativos tienen dichos resultados (AU)

Participation in non-competitive physical sports activities addressed to young people are an excellent means of training as long as there is a commitment of permanence and adherence to them. Identifying the factors which explain satisfaction and constancy becomes, therefore, an objective of any educational programme. Through a sample of 1,112 Elementary learners, and making use of scale CSCAN of their validity and reliability checks, we have developed an explicative model on satisfaction, using techniques of Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS), a model in which the attitudes through non-competitive sport —together with the monitors’ assessment and the impact of the programme on the external sport practice— are presented as the key elements in the satisfaction perceived. Our last lines analyze the implications that these results have for these educational programmes (AU)

Participação em não competitivas atividades esportivas físicas para jovens tornouse um excelente meio de formação, mas apenas na medida em que os compromissos prazo, um grau de adesão a estes programas e baixas taxas de abandono adquirir. Para determinar os fatores que explicam a satisfação e fidelização, em seguida, torna-se um objeto de qualquer programa de treinamento. Com uma amostra de 1.112 alunos do ensino fundamental, utilizando el Questionário de Satisfação e Percepção de Qualidade do Programa Atividades não-competitivas Esporte-físicos (CSCAN), desenvolveu um modelo que explica as técnicas de satisfação usando mínimos quadrados parciais de regressão (PLS), no qual atitudes em relação ao esporte não-competitivo, juntamente com uma avaliação dos monitores e do impacto do programa sobre os esportes externos são apresentados como os elementos mais cruciais na satisfação percebida. Finalmente, as implicações para estes programas de treinamento têm estes resultados são analisados (AU)

Un modelo estructural sobre la influencia de las motivaciones de ocio en la satisfacción de la visita turística / A structural model for the influence of visit motivation on the satisfaction with tourist visits

El objetivo del presente trabajo es profundizar en el conocimiento de la relación entre dos de los elementos fundamentales del comportamiento turístico como son las motivaciones de la visita y la satisfacción con lo realizado. Partiendo de la definición de satisfacción como el resultado de cumplir las necesidades que dieron origen al viaje, consideramos que la motivación constituye un elemento fundamental en la formación de expectativas que, a su vez, determinan la satisfacción experimentada/percibida cuando éstas son confirmadas. Desde esta perspectiva, la motivación actuaría como determinante de la satisfacción. Para contrastar esta hipótesis nos hemos servido de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales; más concretamente de un path analysis. Entre los resultados obtenidos, podemos señalar la existencia de dos tipos de atributos de la oferta turística relacionados con la satisfacción: aquellos cercanos a las motivaciones de la visita y otros más generales no necesariamente relacionados con éstas y que, como el trato recibido, actuarían como factores satisfactores de gran relevancia. La identificación y adecuada gestión de ambas tipologías de elementos serán importantes para la planificación y el éxito de los servicios prestados por las organizaciones turísticas(AU)

This study addresses the relationship between two key elements in tourism performance: visit motivation and level of satisfaction. Satisfaction is defined as the result of fulfilling the needs originally driving the journey. As such, motivation will lead to expectations which in their turn will end up in perceived satisfaction once expectations are met. In order to contrast the hypothesis stemming from these objectives, we used a structural equations modeli. e., a path analysis. Results show the existence of two different types of attributes of tourism offer indicators that are closely related to satisfaction –attributes connected to the visit motivation and general attributes. The latter are not necessarily associated to visit motivation but they may become relevant satisfactory elements if a good treatment is granted. Based on these results, management and marketing implications for tourist organizations are suggested(AU)