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1.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1574622

ABSTRACT

Entre las barreras sociales que enfrentan las personas con discapacidad se encuentran los prejuicios, definidos como actitudes de aversión y hostilidad por la pertenencia a un grupo al que se le adjudican características indeseables. La percepción de prejuicios puede estar determinada por factores vinculados a variables sociodemográficas; sin embargo, pocos estudios se han enfocado en diferenciar las experiencias de las personas con discapacidad, en especial en el contexto mexicano. Se examinaron las opiniones de 5145 personas con discapacidad, a través de la Encuesta Nacional de Discriminación 2017, comparando la percepción de prejuicios de las personas con discapacidad a través de la edad, el género, el nivel socioeconómico, el tamaño de la localidad y el índice de desarrollo humano (IDH). El análisis factorial confirmatorio arroja una estructura con dos factores: prejuicios endogrupales y exogrupales. Los resultados indican que los adultos mayores, las personas que pertenecen a estratos sociodemográficos bajos y quienes habitan en localidades con un IDH bajo enfrentan mayores prejuicios en la escala total y en prejuicios endogrupales. Se discute el impacto del envejecimiento y la disponibilidad de recursos sociales en la percepción de prejuicios de las personas con discapacidad.


Entre as barreiras sociais enfrentadas pelas pessoas com deficiência estão os preconceitos, definidos como atitudes de aversão e hostilidade por pertencer a um grupo, sob as quais são atribuídas condições indesejáveis. A percepção do preconceito das pessoas com deficiência pode ser determinada por fatores ligados a variáveis sociodemográficas como idade, gênero, nível socioeconômico, tamanho da localidade e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), porém, poucos estudos têm focado em diferenciar as experiências de pessoas com deficiência, especialmente no contexto mexicano. Esta pesquisa analisa as opiniões de 5,145 pessoas com deficiência, por meio da Encuesta Nacional de Discriminación (ENADIS) 2017, usando análise de variância. A análise fatorial confirmatória produz uma estrutura com dois fatores: um endógeno e outro exógeno. Os resultados indicam que idosos, pessoas que vivem em estratos sociodemográficos baixos e que vivem em localidades com baixo IDH enfrentam maior preconceito. Discute-se o impacto do envelhecimento e da disponibilidade de recursos sociais na percepção do preconceito das pessoas com deficiência.


People with disabilities face numerous social barriers, including prejudices, defined as hostile and aversive attitudes towards members of a stigmatized group. The prejudice's perception among people with disabilities may be a function of sociodemographic variables, however, only a few studies have deepened such differences in the experience of people with disabilities, especially in the Mexican context. The present study examines the opinions of 5145 people with disabilities through the Encuesta Nacional de Discriminación (ENADIS) 2017 (National Survey about Discrimination) by age, sex, socioeconomic level, location size and the Human Development Index (HDI). The confirmatory factor analysis shows two factors: in-group and out-group prejudices. Results in the comparisons reveal that the elderly, people with low sociodemographic status, and those living in locations with low HDI face higher means of prejudice on the total and in-group scales. The impact of aging and the availability of social services on the perception of prejudice by people with disabilities is discussed.

2.
Fam Pract ; 20(1): 74-6, 2003 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12509375

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of integrated child health care management (ICHCM) promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) after an in-service training course. METHODS: The training was carried out in a rural and an urban health unit and in the paediatric ward of the local reference hospital. Tutorial courses were given to small groups (4-6 students) over a 5-day period (40 h in total). The courses consisted of demonstrations, discussions, analyses, applications and evaluations of the ICHCM (in-service training). The training was evaluated by comparing the quality of ICHCM given by each physician in their work place on three different occasions: 15 days before the course began (pre-course evaluation), 15 days after the course (post-course evaluation) and 6 months after the course had ended (follow-up evaluation). Each physician was observed in each period during his or her consultation with a child under 5 years of age who presented with acute diarrhoea or acute respiratory infection. A series of possible behaviours by physicians was checked against a list of behaviours that would indicate effective training. RESULTS: The average grades obtained by the 24 physicians evaluated (pre- and post-course) increased from 74.5 to 96.6 (22.1 points, P < 0.01). Physicians whose baseline grade was <80 had the greatest increases. Their averages grades increased from 68.2 to 91.3 (23.1 points, P < 0.001). The overall change for the whole group was sustained for up to 6 months (post-course 96.6 points and follow-up 90.9 points, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The quality of ICHCM improved after the in-service training. No additional resources were necessary in the clinical units. This type of training can be extended to other countries or health programmes.


Subject(s)
Child Health Services/organization & administration , Diarrhea/therapy , Education, Medical, Continuing , Inservice Training , Quality of Health Care , Respiratory Tract Infections/therapy , Acute Disease , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico , Program Evaluation
3.
Bol. méd. Hosp. Infant. Méx ; 51(8): 507-13, ago. 1994. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-142992

ABSTRACT

Con el propósito de evaluar el tratamiento del paciente pediátrico con diarrea aguda en unidades del segundo nivel de atención, se revisaron 345 expedientes clínicos de cuatro hospitales del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social del sur de la Ciudad de México y 144 de los hospitales del Sector Salud en el Estado de Tlaxcala, de niños menores de cinco años hospitalizados por este diagnóstico durante 1991. Las variables estudiadas fueron las características clínicas y el diagnóstico al ingreso, el tratamiento médico durante la hospitalización, la evolución de la enfermedad, las complicaciones y las condiciones al egreso. Se calificó la justificación de la conducta terapéutica y se realizó análisis descriptivo de todos los datos comparando los hospitales de la Ciudad de México con los de Tlaxcala. La mayoría de los casos correspondió a niños menores de un año, con cuadros cortos y con algún grado de deshidratación. En dos terceras partes de los casos no se justificó la hospitalización. El tratamiento otorgado durante la misma fue en general inadecuado, ya que a pesar de que en la mayor parte de los niños se indicó hidratación oral con vida suero oral, se utilizó innecesariamente venoclisis y por tiempo prolongado, hubo indicación frecuente de ayuno o modificaciones dietéticas, prescripción indiscriminada de antimicrobianos y realización excesiva de estudios de laboratorio. Se recomienda que todos los hospitales que atienden niños con diarrea aguda cuenten con salas docente-asistenciales de hidratación oral, donde se efectúe una asistencia adecuada y se otorgue capacitación a las madres de los pacientes y al personal de salud, incluyendo a los médicos


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Quality of Health Care/organization & administration , Quality of Health Care , Homeopathic Therapeutic Approaches/methods , Homeopathic Therapeutic Approaches , Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology , Diarrhea, Infantile/therapy , Fluid Therapy/statistics & numerical data , Fluid Therapy/trends , Hospitals, State/statistics & numerical data , Mexico/epidemiology
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