ABSTRACT
Gut microbiota and infectious diseases affect neurological disorders, brain development, and function. Compounds generated in the gastrointestinal system by gut microbiota and infectious pathogens may mediate gut-brain interactions, which may circulate throughout the body and spread to numerous organs, including the brain. Studies shown that gut bacteria and disease-causing organisms may pass molecular signals to the brain, affecting neurological function, neurodevelopment, and neurodegenerative diseases. This article discusses microorganism-producing metabolites with neuromodulator activity, signaling routes from microbial flora to the brain, and the potential direct effects of gut bacteria and infectious pathogens on brain cells. The review also considered the neurological aspects of infectious diseases. The infectious diseases affecting neurological functions and the disease modifications have been discussed thoroughly. Recent discoveries and unique insights in this perspective need further validation. Research on the complex molecular interactions between gut bacteria, infectious pathogens, and the CNS provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative, behavioral, and psychiatric illnesses. This study may provide insights into advanced drug discovery processes for neurological disorders by considering the influence of microbial communities inside the human body.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels (Menispermaceae) is used in Indian folk system of alternative medicine for rheumatism, eczema, diabetics, inflammation, and neuralgia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate antitumor activities of C. hirsutus in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: C. hirsutus was successively extracted using hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay. Phytochemical analyses were conducted with methanol extract of C. hirsutus (MECH) and in vivo antitumor activity was carried out with MECH using Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) mouse model. Antioxidant properties were assessed by estimating superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Phytochemical studies indicated a high content of total alkaloid (165.6 mg/100 g), total phenolic (43.5 GAE mg/g), and total flavanoid (4.97 RE mg/g) in MECH. Anti-proliferative activity against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 showed IC50 values of 221.5 ± 16.68, 255 ± 17.88, 213 ± 8.4, 147 ± 7.9, and 229 ± 8.02 µg/ml with hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts, respectively. A significant (p < 0.01) decrease in packed cell volume, viable cell count, and increased lifespan (58 and 77%) was observed. Hematological and serum biochemical profiles were restored to normal levels in MECH-treated mice. MECH-treated group significantly (p < 0.001) decreased SOD, lipid peroxidation, and CAT towards normal. CONCLUSION: C. hirsutus exhibited significant in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities that are reasonably attributed to endogenous antioxidant mechanisms.
