Instituto Pediátrico de Enfermedades Raras del Hospital Sant Joan de Déu / Pediatric Institute of Rare Diseases of the Hospital Sant Joan de Déu

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Origen genético de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo: el modelo de los defectos de cierre del tubo neural / The genetic origin of neurodevelopmental disorders: the model of neural tube closure defects

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Ataxias cerebelosas autosómicas recesivas. Clasificación, aspectos genéticos y fisiopatología / Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Their classification, genetic features and pathophysiology

Introducción y desarrollo. Las ataxias cerebelosas autosómicas recesivas (ARCA) son un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos neurológicos raros que afectan a los sistemas nerviosos central y periférico y, en algunos casos, a otros sistemas y órganos. Estos trastornos suelen tener una edad de inicio antes de los 20 años de edad. En base a criterios patogénicos se pueden distinguir cinco grupos de ARCA: ataxias congénitas (trastorno del desarrollo), ataxias mitocondriales, ataxias asociadas a defectos metabólicos, ataxias asociadas a defectos en la reparación del ADN y ataxias degenerativas de mecanismo patogénico desconocido. Las formas más frecuentes en la población caucásica son la ataxia de Friefreich y la ataxia-telangiectasia. Otras formas más raras son la abetalipoproteinemia, la ataxia con deficiencia de vitamina E (AVED), la ataxia con apraxia oculomotora tipos 1 (AOA1) y 2 (AOA2), la ataxia precoz con reflejos conservados, la ataxia espástica de Charlevoix-Saguenay y el síndrome de Joubert. La prevalencia de las ARCA se estima en siete casos por 100.000 habitantes. Estas enfermedades se deben a mutaciones en genes específicos, algunos de los cuales y sus proteínas se han identificado, como FRDA (frataxina) en la ataxia de Friedreich, APTX (aprataxina) en la AOA1, aTTP (proteína transferidora de a-tocoferol) en la AVED y STX (senataxina) en la AOA2. Como se trata de trastornos autonómicos recesivos, no suele haber antecedentes en la familia de los enfermos y ambos progenitores están sanos. Conclusiones. La mayoría de las ataxias cerebelosas no tienen tratamiento específico, excepto algunas debidas a déficit de coenzima Q10 y la abetalipoproteinemia. El diagnóstico clínico debe confirmarse mediante las pruebas complementarias de neuroimagen (tomografía axial computarizada, resonancia magnética), el examen electrofisiológico y el análisis de mutaciones del gen causante si éste se ha identificado. El diagnóstico clínico y genético correcto son muy importantes para ofrecer un pronóstico y un consejo genético apropiados y, en ocasiones, un tratamiento farmacológico (AU)

Introduction and development. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA) are a heterogeneous group of rare neurological disorders involving both central and peripheral nervous system, and in some case other systems and organs. They use to have early onset before the age of 20. Based on pathogenic mechanisms five main types may be distinguished: congenital (developmental disorder), mitochondrial ataxias, ataxias associated with metabolic disorders, ataxias with a DNA repair defect, and degenerative ataxia with unknown pathogenesis. The most frequent in Caucasian population are Friedreich ataxia and ataxia-telangiectasia. Other forms are much less common, and include abetaliproteinemia, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED), ataxia with oculomotor apraxia types 1 (AOA1) and 2 (AOA2), early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained reflexes, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, and Joubert syndrome. The prevalence of ARCA has been estimated to 7 in 100,000 inhabitants. These diseases are due to mutations in specific genes, some of which and its encoded proteins have been identified, such as FRDA (frataxin) in Friedreich ataxia, APTX (aprataxin) in AOA1, αTTP (α-tocopherol transfer protein) in AVED, and STX (senataxin) in AOA2. Due to autosomal recessive inheritance, previous familial history of affected individuals unlikely. Conclusions. Most of these cerebellar ataxias have no specific treatment with exception of the ataxia associated with deficiency coenzyme Q10 and abetalipoproteinemia. Clinical diagnosis must be confirmed by ancillary tests such as neuroimaging (magnetic resonance, scanning), electrophysiological examination, and mutation analysis when the causative gene has been identified. Correct clinical and genetic diagnosis is important for appropriate prognosis and genetic counseling and, in some instances, pharmacological treatment (AU)

[Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Their classification, genetic features and pathophysiology]. / Ataxias cerebelosas autosómicas recesivas. Clasificación, aspectos genéticos y fisiopatología.

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA) are a heterogeneous group of rare neurological disorders involving both central and peripheral nervous system, and in some case other systems and organs. They use to have early onset before the age of 20. Based on pathogenic mechanisms five main types may be distinguished: congenital (developmental disorder), mitochondrial ataxias, ataxias associated with metabolic disorders, ataxias with a DNA repair defect, and degenerative ataxia with unknown pathogenesis. The most frequent in Caucasian population are Friedreich ataxia and ataxia-telangiectasia. Other forms are much less common, and include abetaliproteinemia, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED), ataxia with oculomotor apraxia types 1 (AOA1) and 2 (AOA2), early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained reflexes, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, and Joubert syndrome. The prevalence of ARCA has been estimated to 7 in 100,000 inhabitants. These diseases are due to mutations in specific genes, some of which and its encoded proteins have been identified, such as FRDA (frataxin) in Friedreich ataxia, APTX (aprataxin) in AOA1, alphaTTP (alpha-tocopherol transfer protein) in AVED, and STX (senataxin) in AOA2. Due to autosomal recessive inheritance, previous familial history of affected individuals unlikely. CONCLUSIONS: Most of these cerebellar ataxias have no specific treatment with exception of the ataxia associated with deficiency coenzyme Q10 and abetalipoproteinemia. Clinical diagnosis must be confirmed by ancillary tests such as neuroimaging (magnetic resonance, scanning), electrophysiological examination, and mutation analysis when the causative gene has been identified. Correct clinical and genetic diagnosis is important for appropriate prognosis and genetic counseling and, in some instances, pharmacological treatment.

[Huntington disease: clinical and genetic study in a Spanish population]. / Enfermedad de Huntington: estudio clínico y genético en una población española.

Clinical and genetic data of 18 unrelated patients diagnosed of Huntington's disease were studied. We examined age of onset, form of presentation, years of evolution and scores on the Shoulson-Fahn function scale, the Myers disability scale and the mini-mental state examination. The 3 clinical parameters show a linear correlation with years of disease duration. The mini-mental test was most sensitive to progression and was most closely correlated (r = 0.75, p = 0.001). Molecular analysis of the IT15 gene for all 18 patients and 96 control chromosome was performed; the range of CAG repeats was 9-29 for controls and 36-69 for patients. The correlation decreased exponentially with age of onset of symptoms and number of CAG repeats.