Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Azepines/adverse effects , Cataract Extraction , Corneal Diseases/chemically induced , Fluoroquinolones/adverse effects , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Azepines/analysis , Chemical Precipitation , Corneal Diseases/metabolism , Drug Therapy, Combination , Epithelium, Corneal/chemistry , Fluoroquinolones/analysis , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Humans , Male , Ophthalmic Solutions , Spectrum Analysis, RamanABSTRACT
We report the case of a 6-year-old boy who presented with an 18-month history of a left lower eyelid lesion that was refractory to medical management. The lesion was excised, and microscopic examination and immunohistochemistry revealed a cellular neurothekeoma. Clinical presentation of such lesions is similar to a chalazion or epidermal inclusion cyst. Cellular neurothekeoma is benign and has a low risk of recurrence after excision with clear margins. Cellular neurothekeoma of the eyelid is extremely rare, with only 5 previously reported cases. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of cellular neurothekeoma of the eyelid presenting in a boy.
Subject(s)
Eyelid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neurothekeoma/diagnosis , Chalazion , Child , Eyelid Neoplasms/pathology , Eyelids , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Male , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Neurothekeoma/pathologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We have highlighted the recent findings relating to gastroduodenal mucosal defense, including elements that may contribute to the failure of defense systems and factors that enhance mucosal healing, focusing on findings that elucidate new pathophysiological mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS: Bicarbonate secretion is mediated by multiple types of prostaglandin E synthases, including membrane-bound prostaglandin E synthase-1. Mucins, growth factors, and trefoil factors are involved in accelerating gastric injury healing through epithelial reconstruction. A combination of NSAIDs and bile induce greater damage on the mucosa than if the two agents were acting alone. Proton pump inhibitors defend the mucosa from injury by promoting cellular restitution as well as inhibiting gastric acid secretion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage. Roxatidine, a novel H2 receptor antagonist, acts through a mechanism that involves nitric oxide. Melatonin enhances angiogenesis through the upregulation of plasma levels of gastrin and matrix metalloproteinase expression. The mucosal protective drug polaprezinc exhibits ROS-quenching activities. Lipopolysaccharides induce oxidative stress mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Aging weakens gastroduodenal mucosal defense mechanisms. SUMMARY: There is a wide array of pathways leading to gastroduodenal mucosal injury in addition to protective defense mechanisms that counteract them to maintain homeostasis. Increased understanding of these systems may help identify novel molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of mucosal injury.
