ABSTRACT
The use of biological templates for the suitable growth of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC) and "neo-tissue" construction has exponentially increased over the last years. The bioengineered scaffolds still have a prominent and biocompatible framework playing a role in tissue regeneration. In order to supply AD-MSCs, biomaterials, as the stem cell niche, are more often supplemented by or stimulate molecular signals that allow differentiation events into several strains, besides their secretion of cytokines and effects of immunomodulation. This systematic review aims to highlight the details of the integration of several types of biomaterials used in association with AD-MSCs, collecting notorious and basic data of in vitro and in vivo assays, taking into account the relevance of the interference of the cell lineage origin and handling cell line protocols for both the replacement and repairing of damaged tissues or organs in clinical application. Our group analyzed the quality and results of the 98 articles selected from PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. A total of 97% of the articles retrieved demonstrated the potential in clinical applications. The synthetic polymers were the most used biomaterials associated with AD-MSCs and almost half of the selected articles were applied on bone regeneration.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to update the practicing ophthalmologist on the English language literature about medical education from the prior year. DESIGN: A search of English language literature was performed on PubMed from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014. METHODS: Because the search using the main topic of the review "medical education" came up with 7394 citations, authors finally decided to narrow the search to 3 topics of their interest:1. Current state of competency-based education and teaching methods of competencies. This section included ophthalmic/ophthalmology education, core competencies, competency-based education, teaching strategies, tools and methods in medical education.2. E-learning. This section included e-learning, online learning, online teaching, Web-based teaching, Web-based learning, and flipped classroom.3. ASSESSMENTS: This section included assessment of medical students, residents, fellows, faculty, attending physicians, and medical teachers, assessment of medical student ophthalmology programs, ophthalmology residency programs, residency programs, and fellowship programs. RESULTS: The authors reviewed and summarized articles published in 2014 examining or describing the 3 main areas of the review described previously. CONCLUSIONS: This review updates the comprehensive ophthalmologist on advances in ophthalmic medical education. Ophthalmic educators could apply the ideas presented in this review according to their possibilities in their own settings and programs.
Subject(s)
Education, Medical/methods , Ophthalmology/education , Competency-Based Education/methods , Education, Distance/methods , Humans , Internet , Internship and Residency , Teaching/methodsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To test the validity and reliability of a new tool for assessing residents' competence in ophthalmic surgery. Changing paradigms of ophthalmic education in the United States have influenced worldwide ophthalmic education and necessitated new methods of assessing resident competence. Accordingly, a new tool for assessing residents' competence in ophthalmic surgery (phacoemulsification) that could be applicable internationally was developed. We hypothesize that this instrument is valid and reliable. METHODS: A panel of six international content experts adapted a previously published tool for assessing phacoemulsification. The tool (called the International Council of Ophthalmology's Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubric, or ICO-OSCAR:phaco) was reviewed by 12 international content experts for their constructive comments, which were incorporated to ensure content validity. Ten expert cataract surgery teachers then graded six recorded phacoemulsification surgeries with the ICO-OSCAR:phaco to investigate inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: The coefficient alpha statistic (a measure of reliability/internal consistency) for the ICO-OSCAR:phaco as a whole was 0.92, and 17 of its 20 dimensions had alpha coefficients greater than 0.70. CONCLUSIONS: The ICO-OSCAR:phaco is a valid and reliable assessment tool that could be applied internationally to satisfy the global need of new instruments to comply with emerging trends in ophthalmic education. A toolbox of similar surgical competency assessment tools is being developed.
