Effect of Herbal and Chemical Solution in Tissue Dissolution by using Conventional Irrigation and Sonic Irrigation System.

Introduction: An essential part of root canal cleaning is irrigating the system to remove any remaining debris and tissue remains. The purpose of root canal therapy is to shape and clean the endodontic space, reduce the bacterial burden, and remove the pulp tissue. In this research, several irrigation solutions with and without sonic irrigation were evaluated to see how quickly tissue dissolves. Method: A tissue sample was taken from a cow (68 ± 3 mg) with no statistically significant difference between groups. All five test tubes in each group were immersed in irrigant, and each group contained one subgroup with five test tubes. Separate weights were recorded for every irrigant that had been passed through the filter paper. Thus, the quantity of pulp dissolved by different irrigating solutions was quantified using a filtering technique. Results: It was revealed that there was a substantial difference between the groups. Sonic and non-sonic irrigation of sodium hypochlorite resulted in a substantial difference in tissue disintegration. Conclusion: This research found that sodium hypochlorite was more effective than EDTA and saline in dissolving pulp. Despite several studies claiming that neem has potent antibacterial activities, tissue dissolution has not been shown in experiments using this herb.

Estimation of Salivary Copper, Zinc, Iron, and Copper-to-zinc Ratio in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients: A Case-control Study.

AIM: The present study was conducted to test the salivary levels of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Cu/Zn ratio in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients, aged 18-60 years who were clinically diagnosed with OSF, were considered as cases (group A). Thirty-eight patients without any signs of OSF were considered as controls (group B). History of tobacco habits, both smoking and chewing, was recorded. Salivary trace elements were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and a differential pulse anodic stripping voltmeter (DPASV). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 23; Chicago Inc., Illinois, USA) was used for analysis of data. RESULTS: Significant differences were noted between cases and controls. While Zn and Fe levels were decreased in cases, copper levels and copper/zinc ratio were enhanced in OSF affected individuals. CONCLUSION: Trace elements in saliva showed significant difference between OSF cases and healthy counterparts and are thus regarded as possible predictors for diagnosis of oral submucous fibrosis. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The current study results clearly suggest an interaction of trace elements with OSF. Trace elements in saliva can be considered as a reliable, noninvasive diagnostic marker in OSF patients. Early diagnosis of these lesions can facilitate the provision of prompt treatment by the clinicians, for successful reversal and treatment.

Assessment of Proliferative Potential of Odontogenic Keratocyst and Dentigerous Cyst using Podoplanin: An Immunohistochemical Study.

INTRODUCTION: Odontogenic cysts are commonly encountered lesions among head and neck pathologies. Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) has unique features of recurrence and local aggressiveness. Podoplanin (PDP) is a lymphatic endothelial marker and is shown to be expressed in a variety of tissues. Hence, we planned to assess the significance of PDP in OKC and dentigerous cyst (DC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included assessment of immunoexpression of PDP in OKC and DC. Twenty specimens each of OKC and DC were included in the present study and were stained with D2-40 antibody. All the sections were analyzed and were categorized as negative staining, weakly positive staining, and strongly positive staining. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS: We detected PDP-positive staining in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the cells of basal cell layer and supra-basal cell layers. In DC cases, we observed positive staining only in cases associated with inflammation. CONCLUSION: Podoplanin does play a significant role in enhancing the local invasive and neoplastic properties of OKC. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Podoplanin expression in OKC is potentially associated with moderate invasive nature of the neighboring structures.

Assessment of Patients Referred to Specialty Dental Hospitals for Dental Implant Procedure: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: One of the most common and effective ways of replacing missing teeth is by dental implants. Both quality and quantity of bone along with the area of implant placement govern the prognosis of the implant procedure. Certain risk factors predispose the implant treatment to high failure rate. Hence, we assessed the implant patients who were referred from private practitioners to the specialty hospitals from 2010 to 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All the patients being referred from private clinics to the specialty dental hospital for the purpose of prosthetic rehabilitation by dental implants from June 2010 to July 2014 were included in the present study. Skilled oral and maxillofacial surgeons were appointed for performing the implant surgical procedures. Prosthetic rehabilitation was done after 6 to 8 weeks and after 10 to 14 weeks in implant cases without and with bone augmentation procedures respectively. Distribution of dental implants based on the indications, location, dimension of augmentation procedure, and complication of implants was analyzed and assessed for the level of significance. RESULTS: Of the patients, 712 were females, while the remaining were males. Most of the patients were in the age group of 50 to 59 years. As compared with completely edentulous patients, most of the patients required rehabilitation by a single implant. Maximum dental implants were placed in maxillary premolar region and mandibular first molar region. Over 1,000 cases in this study required rehabilitation by augmentation procedure. CONCLUSION: Partially edentulous patients are most commonly referred to specialized dental hospitals for prosthetic rehabilitation by dental implants, mostly with the purpose of implant placement. Failure rate can be minimized by following strict patient selection protocols along with following a standard surgical criterion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Following standard surgical protocols and strict treatment planning, prognosis of the dental implant procedures can be improved to a greater extent, thereby increasing its clinical success rate.

Sex hormones in gender-specific risk for head and neck cancer: A review.

Despite the fact that numerous researches have been carried out to prevent head and neck cancer (HNC) and treat those patients, there is no reduction in morbidity rate because the underlying molecular pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Endocrine microenvironment is another vital factor besides other traditional risk factors like tobacco smoking, infections, and alcohol. It has been proven that sex hormone receptors are also expressed in larynx and lungs, in addition to sex organs. Sex hormones play a vital role in gene expression involved in the plethora of biological and neoplastic processes. The role of sex hormones in HNC is still divisive and very few researches have been conducted to describe their role. So, this article is an effort to attract the attention of researchers, endocrinologists, pathologists, and clinicians toward the impending role of sex hormones, with special emphasis on progesterone, estrogen, and prolactin in HNC onset and progression, along with their therapeutic role.

A rare case report of clear cell variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Clear cell squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an extremely rare heterogenous group of malignant tumour with incompletely understood aetiology. We, hereby present a case of clear cell variant of squamous carcinoma on buccal mucosa in 52-year-old male patient. Histopathology showed sheets of squamous cells with clear cell differentiation and malignant features. Histochemical findings showed negative staining for Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), mucicarmine and Oil Red O. Immunohistochemical investigations revealed positive staining for CK 8-18 and negative for S-100. We conclude by emphasizing on the need of careful analysis of all the histopathological and IHC investigations. To predict the exact prognosis of this rare variant more number of case reports are expected to be published in future.

Palatal rugoscopy: Establishing identity.

UNLABELLED: Palatal rugae are irregular, asymmetric ridges of the mucous membrane extending laterally from the incisive papilla and the anterior part of the palatal raphe. The uniqueness and the overall stability of palatal rugae suggest their use for forensic identification. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the palatal rugae patterns in 2 different populations in India (Madhya Pradesh and Kerala), and furthermore, to assess the predominant pattern if any in the selected groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 maxillary study models (30 from each group) were examined in the age group ranging from 17 to 23 years. Palatal rugae pattern were examined in both the sexes on right and left sides of the palate for the total number (quantitative), length, shape, and predominant direction (qualitative). RESULTS: After analyzing the rugae patterns in both the groups and between the 2 sides of the palate, the wavy pattern was found to be predominant followed by curved, straight, unification, circular, and nonspecific in decreasing order in the overall population. CONCLUSION: Straight rugae pattern on the right side of the palate in the male subjects was found to be significantly predominant in the MP population, whereas wavy shape was predominant in Keralites; however, rugae patterns on the right side of the palate in female subjects exhibited no significant difference.