ABSTRACT
Nanomaterials improve everyday products but their safety for human health is poorly known. In this study we explored immunological effects of five different nanomaterials on antigen presenting cells (APC) in vitro. Nanomaterials studied were rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2), amorphous silica-coated rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2-silica), zinc oxide (ZnO), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). APCs included mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line) and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC). All studied particles were cytotoxic to bmDCs, and ZnO, TiO2 and TiO2-silica-induced dose-dependently cell death also in macrophages. ZnO had the most drastic immunological effects leading to high expression of proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1beta, and enhanced production of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL-9 on both cell types. TiO2 and TiO2-silica stimulated the expression of IL-6, MIP-1alpha and TNF-alpha in macrophages, and increased their maturation, antigen presentation and co-stimulation activity. In contrast, SWCNT or MWCNT did not seem to have any significant immunological effects on the cell types studied suggesting that APCs might not be the target cells for carbon nanotubes. Due to diverse effects on different nanomaterials on immune cells we suggest that each new nanomaterial should be extensively studied in vitro and in vivo for risk assessment before their use in final products.
Subject(s)
Antigen-Presenting Cells/drug effects , Cytotoxins/toxicity , Nanostructures/toxicity , Animals , Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology , Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism , Antigens, Surface/metabolism , Cell Line , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Macrophages/metabolism , Mice , Titanium/toxicity , Toxicity Tests , Zinc Oxide/toxicityABSTRACT
A 20-year-old woman with untreated homocystinuria was examined when she was 18 weeks' pregnant. Amniocentesis was performed and raised levels of homocystine and methionine were present in the amniotic fluid. Assay of cystathionine synthetase activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells showed the carrier state for homocystinuria. An abortion was performed because of the possible adverse effects of continuing the pregnancy both for the mother and the fetus. No pathological abnormality was found in the aborted fetus. Further data are needed to assess the possible teratogenic effects of maternal homocystinuria and the adverse consequences of pregnancy in the affected mother.
