Toxicity of Beauty Salon Effluents Contaminated with Hair Dye on Aquatic Organisms.

Cosmetic residues have been found in water resources, especially trace elements of precursors, couplers, and pigments of hair dyes, which are indiscriminately disposed of in the sewage system. These contaminants are persistent, bioactive, and bioaccumulative, and may pose risks to living beings. Thus, the present study assessed the ecotoxicity of two types of effluents generated in beauty salons after the hair dyeing process. The toxicity of effluent derived from capillary washing with water, shampoo, and conditioner (complete effluent-CE) and effluent not associated with these products (dye effluent-DE) was evaluated by tests carried out with the aquatic organisms Artemia salina, Daphnia similis, and Danio rerio. The bioindicators were exposed to pure samples and different dilutions of both effluents. The results showed toxicity in D. similis (CE50 of 3.43% and 0.54% for CE and DE, respectively); A. salina (LC50 8.327% and 3.874% for CE and DE, respectively); and D. rerio (LC50 of 4.25-4.59% and 7.33-8.18% for CE and DE, respectively). Given these results, we can infer that hair dyes, even at low concentrations, have a high toxic potential for aquatic biota, as they induced deleterious effects in all tested bioindicators.

A Systematic Review of Momentary Assessment Designs for Mood and Anxiety Symptoms.

Background: Altering components of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) measures to better suit the purposes of individual studies is a common and oftentimes necessary step. Though the inherent flexibility in EMA has its benefits, no resource exists to provide an overview of the variability in how convergent constructs and symptoms have been assessed in the past. The present study fills that gap by examining EMA measurement design for mood and anxiety symptomatology. Methods: Various search engines were used to identify 234 relevant studies. Items administered, data collection schedules (i.e., beeps per day), response scales (i.e., Likert), data collection platforms (i.e., apps), and psychometric properties (i.e., reliability) were extracted. Results: Study designs varied greatly in all aspects across the identified papers. Over 4,600 extracted items were qualitatively analyzed, resulting in the identification of 12 themes. The most EMA items focused on affect, with categories such as "happiness" and "tension" appearing most frequently. We provide all of our data extraction in the format of an open-source database. Limitations: Despite our best attempts to include as much of the relevant literature as possible, this review and the accompanying database are not exhaustive, but can easily be built upon to include other, newer studies. Conclusions: The fact that the affect theme featured both positive and negative emotional constructs highlights the dichotomous focus on valence and affect within the literature surrounding anxious and depressive symptomatology. We hope that our database will act as a helpful design decision-making resource for researchers studying this kind of symptomatology in the future. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42019139409).

A case report of newborn infant with severe COVID-19 in Mexico: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breast milk and stool.

Although COVID-19 in pregnant women and their neonates has been demonstrated, there is not enough evidence about how this vertical transmission occurs. This report describes a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 21-year-old mother-daughter duo at the time of birth, focusing on the viral RNA detection in the stool of both and the human breast milk.

Comparative study of the direct black removal by Fe, Cu, and Fe/Cu nanoparticles.

In this study, direct black dye removal was investigated using iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs), copper (Cu NPs), and Fe/Cu (Fe/Cu NPs). NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Using a dose of 0.25 g L-1 of Fe, Cu, and Fe/Cu NPs, a degradation efficiency of 13, 26, and 43% respectively was obtained. For the 1.00 g L-1 dose, the efficiency increased to 100, 43, and 100%, respectively. Studies in anoxic and oxic conditions presented degradation rates, respectively, of 100 and 30% for Fe NPs, 90 and 50% for Fe/Cu NPs, and 40% in both reactions for Cu NPs, indicating that the mechanism of dye degradation by NPs is predominantly reducing under the conditions studied. The addition of EDTA decreased the dye removal rate for Fe, Cu, and Fe/Cu NPs at 27, 10, and 35%, respectively. In addition to the degradation, the adsorption phenomena of the by-products formed during the reaction were confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and verified by the desorption tests. Fe and Fe/Cu NPs showed the highest efficiency in direct black dye reductive degradation and adsorption of by-products, removing 100% of the dye at a dose of 1 g L-1 within 10 min of reaction. Graphical abstracts ᅟ.

Reconstrucción mamaria mediante lipoinfiltrado enriquecido con PRP / Use of lipofilling enriched with PRP In breast reconstruction

Presentamos una serie de pacientes con mastectomía a las que hemos realizado reconstrucción mamaria con infiltraciones de grasa (lipoinfiltrado) enriquecida con plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) como único procedimiento, o como paso previo a la colocación de un implante mamario. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una alternativa a la reconstrucción mamaria con colgajos libres o pediculados en mamas sometidas a radioterapia; también, una revisión detallada de los pasos a seguir para la realización de este procedimiento, que van desde la extracción de sangre para la posterior obtención del PRP, hasta la técnica de infiltración de grasa enriquecida con dichos factores en la mama intervenida. Con esta técnica de enriquecimiento de la grasa hemos logrado mejores resultados y mayor permanencia de los injertos grasos. Evaluando los postoperatorios de las pacientes sometidas a este procedimiento, hemos observado que se necesitan de 2 a 3 tiempos de lipoinfiltrado para obtener buena cobertura y mejoría de la calidad de piel como paso previo a la colocación del implante en este tipo de pacientes (AU)

We present a series of patients submitted to reconstruction with fat infiltration (lipofilling) enriched with platelet rich plasma (PRP) as a single procedure or as a precursor to breast implant. The aim of this paper is to present an alternative to breast reconstruction with pedicled or free flaps in breast undergoing radiotherapy; also, a detailed review of the steps to perform this procedure, ranging from drawing blood for later obtaining PRP, to lipofilling technique enriched with these factors in the operated breast. With this enrichment technique we have better and more permanent results. Assessing postoperative patients undergoing this procedure, we have observed that it takes 2-3 lipofilling times to get good coverage and improvement in skin quality as a precursor to implant placement (AU)

Is the reversed fourth dorsal metacarpal flap reliable?

We have carried out a study to determine if a flap based on vessels in the fourth metacarpal space could be used safely. We studied ten fresh cadaver specimens and used the flap in nine patients. In the anatomical study, we confirmed the presence of a suitable artery in nine out of the ten hands, arising from a piercing artery at the metacarpal bases, running distally under the fascia. The pivot point is located at the metacarpal heads, where the artery anastomoses to palmar branches and dorsal digital branches. In the clinical setting, the flap was reliable in eight patients. There was one case of flap necrosis. The flap seems to be reliable but several technical points are stressed to avoid complications.

Primary vaginal and pelvic floor reconstruction at the time of pelvic exenteration: a study of morbidity.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze our experience with the influence of reconstructive techniques at the time of pelvic exenteration on morbidity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 1986 and December 1998, 60 pelvic exenterations for gynecologic malignancies were performed in our hospital. Forty-five were selected for this study because they met two criteria: they were performed by the same team (gynecologic oncologist), and they had similar primary tumors. There were 38 cervical, 2 vaginal, and 5 uterine malignancies. Sixteen patients underwent reconstructive surgery: 11 (68.8%) with placement of a myocutaneous flap with left rectus abdominis, 3 (18.8%) with gracilis muscle, and 2 (12.5%) with the Singapore fasciocutaneous flap. Twenty-nine patients had no reconstruction. Records were reviewed and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Attachment of the grafts was complete in 14 of 16 (87.5%), with a partial vulvovaginal dehiscence in 2 cases. Morbidities included secondary infection in 3 (18.8%), partial necrosis in 3 (18.8%), and partial stenosis in 5 (31.6%); the last was significantly associated with a gracilis flap (P = 0.015). There were no statistical differences between neovagina and nonneovagina groups with respect to the rate of fever, small bowel fistula, bowel obstruction, wound infection or dehiscence, hernia, colorectal leak, colostomy or urostomy prolapse, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, intraoperative blood transfusions, or hospital stay. There were no pelvic abscesses in the neovagina group compared with 27% (6/29) in the other group (P = 0.050). Surgery was significantly longer (P = 0.019) for the reconstructive surgery group, with no statistical difference between different kinds of flaps. There were no deaths in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction of the vagina and pelvic floor at the time of pelvic exenteration can be done safely. Although this increases surgical time, morbidity is not significantly increased. The rectus abdominis flap seems to be the preferable option for primary vaginal and pelvic floor reconstruction.

Reconstrucción primaria de la vagina durante la exenteración pélvica / Primary vaginal reconstruction at the time of pelvic exenteration

Objetivo: Analizar nuestra experiencia sobre la morbilidad de las técnicas reconstructivas (reconstrucción vaginal y suelo pélvico) realizadas durante la exenteración pélvica.Material y métodos: Entre junio de 1986 y diciembre de 1998 se han realizado 60 exenteraciones pélvicas por tumores malignos del aparato genital femenino en nuestro hospital. Se seleccionaron 45 de ellas para este estudio, ya que reunían los criterios de haber sido intervenidas por el mismo equipo quirúrgico (Ginecología Oncológica) y por presentar tumores primarios similares. La localización de dichos tumores fue la siguiente: cáncer de cérvix (n = 38), vagina (n = 2) y útero (n = 5). A 16 pacientes, con edad media de 57 años, se les practicó cirugía reconstructiva, a 11 de ellas se les realizó neovagina con colgajo músculo-cutáneo de recto anterior de abdomen (MRA), a tres con colgajo músculo-cutáneo de músculo Gracilis (MG) y a dos pacientes con colgajo fascio-cutáneo tipo Singapur. El grupo control estuvo formado por 29 pacientes con edad media de 52 años, a las que no se les practicó ningún tipo de reconstrucción vaginal. Resultados: Hubo dehiscencia parcial de la anastomosis vulvovaginal en dos pacientes (12,5 por 100) y estenosis parcial de la neovagina en cinco (31,6 por 100), estando este hecho asociado estadísticamente al colgajo de MG (p = 0,015). Infección secundaria en tres (18,8 por 100) y necrosis parcial en tres (18,8 por 100). No hubo diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en relación con la tasa de fiebre, fístulas intestinales, obstrucción intestinal, infección o dehiscencia de la herida laparotómica, hernia, fuga colorrectal, TVP, embolismo pulmonar y estancia hospitalaria. No hubo absceso pélvico en el grupo de reconstrucción vaginal y fue del 27 por 100 (6/29) en el grupo control (p = 0,050); igualmente la cirugía fue significativamente más larga (p = 0,019) para el grupo de reconstrucción, sin diferencias entre los distintos tipos de colgajo. No hubo muertes en ninguno de los dos grupos. Conclusiones: La reconstrucción vaginal y del suelo pélvico en el momento de la exenteración pélvica puede realizarse con seguridad y sin incremento signiticativo de la morbilidad. El colgajo miocutáneo de RAM parece ser el más ideal para este procedimiento, debido a su tamaño, movilidad y accesibilidad (AU)

Surgical technique for reconstruction of the nasal septum: the pericranial flap.

BACKGROUND: We describe a new technique for the surgical reconstruction of large-sized anterior septal perforations based on the pericranial flap. METHODS: The technique requires a standard open rhinoplasty combined with a pericranial flap harvested after a bicoronal approach and tunnelled to the nasal cavity. We present the case of a man with complete destruction of the nasal septum as a result of chronic cocaine abuse. RESULTS: Surgery resulted in a permanent and complete closure of the perforation. CONCLUSIONS: The main advantage of this technique is the use of well-vascularized autogenous tissue and the minimal donor site morbidity. This technique provides a new method to close large nasal perforations.

Relationship between flow and incidence of thrombosis in polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts in free microvascular flaps in lambs.

We have done an experimental study in lambs in which we investigated the influence of flow rate on free microvascular flaps using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular grafts. We set up five surgical groups in which blood flow was progressively increased through the PTFE vascular graft. In group I (venous autograft) we observed just one vascular thrombosis which was located at the site of the anastomosis. In group II (PTFE 3 x 10 mm) all the microvascular flaps became necrosed after the third postoperative day. In group III (PTFE 3 x 10 mm) necrosis also developed in all cases, but the anastomoses remained permeable no longer than eight days. In group IV (3 x 15 mm) the permeability in the microvascular free flaps was about 40% after 21 days, and in group V (3 x 10 mm) it reached 70%. To match graft flow rates with flap survival we did a regression analysis of flow rates for groups II, III, and V and the corresponding survival periods for the flaps. There was a clear and highly significant relationship (r = 0.717, p = 0.0001). In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain blood flow through the prosthesis at a rate higher than the thrombogenic threshold. When the flow rate in the vessels through the PTFE grafts was higher, the viability of the flaps was better. The ideal surgical technique should always be based on an arteriovenous fistula distal to the PTFE vascular graft. It is necessary to maintain blood flow through a prosthesis at a rate higher than the thrombogenic threshold.

Primary amyloidosis presenting as extensor tenosynovitis.

Primary amyloidosis is a systemic disease. Amyloid arthropathy is an invalidating and uncommon form of presentation, but tenosynovitis is even rarer as the first sign of the disease. We report herein a case of unilateral amyloid deposit in the synovium of the extensor tendons of the hand, which was the first manifestation of a primary amyloidosis.

Transconjunctival herniation of orbital fat.

The authors present 3 patients with subconjunctival fat prolapse treated at their oculoplastic unit. Albeit rare, orbital fat is a well-recognized entity, and is described in the literature as being associated with trauma and surgery. The 3 patients reported herein, however, presented with no history of trauma or surgery. This condition is produced by herniation of the intraconal fat between the conjunctiva and the sclera, presumably due to dehiscence of the Tenon's capsule. Differential diagnosis should be made with lacrimal gland ptosis, lacrimal gland tumors, and lymphoid tumors.

Reconstruction of pharyngostomes with a modified deltopectoral flap combining endoscopy and tissue expansion.

The problem of pharyngostomic closure is difficult to solve, as evidenced by the large number of techniques described. The authors present the reconstruction of pharyngostomes by using Bakamjian's deltopectoral flap modified by the use of endoscopically introduced expanders for those patients in whom other techniques of choice (such as vascularized free flaps) have failed or are inapplicable either because of previous radiotherapy or because of local conditions. Bakamjian's deltopectoral flap, previously expanded with an expander coated with a partial-thickness skin graft and introduced endoscopically, allowed the authors to lift the flap in one operation to close the pharyngostome. This method provides the two walls of the pharynx (the skin graft as the inner aspect and the skin flap as the outer aspect), and the donor deltopectoral area is covered and epithelialized due to the skin graft. Thus by means of endoscopic expansion we use a nonaggressive technique to increase the surface area of the donor site and to increase its vascularization (delay phenomenon). Because the expander was coated with the graft, the authors were able to cover the anterior wall of the pharyngostome and the donor site in one surgical step.

Use of frozen cranial vault bone allografts in the repair of extensive cranial bone defects.

In cranioplasty complexity is proportional to the size of the detect, particularly if greater than 50 cm2. If the patient's own bone flap is not available, allogenic frozen bone graft can be used instead. Between June 1990 and June 1995 twenty cranioplasties with allogenic frozen bone grafts were performed. Age of patients ranged between 23 and 63 years (average 38.4 years). Male/female ratio was 2:1.7. Size of craniectomy ranged between 65 and 150 cm2 (average 83.3 cm2). Follow-up ranged between 10 and 58 months (average 41 months). Donors were tested to rule out transmissible diseases, infections, sepsis and/or cancer. Bone grafts were removed under aseptic conditions, microbiological cultures were taken, wrapped in a gauze soaked with Gentamicin sulphate and Bacitracin, sealed in three sterilised vinyl plastic bags, and stored in a deep freezer for a minimum of 30 days (range 36-93 days, average 67 days), at a temperature of -80 degrees C. Grafts were placed in the defect after a step was carved on its borders to facilitate the contact between host and graft. Vancomycin 1 g. IV/12 hours and Ceftriaxone 1 g. IV/12 hours were administered for five days. Grafts were covered by means of scalp flaps. Only one required a musculocutaneous free flap. None was exposed, extruded or had to be removed. Plain skull X-ray studies showed progressive remodelling of the grafts. Partial resorption was observed in two (2/20, 10%) and loss of thickness in another 3/20 (15%), but with no changes in the contour. Biopsies were taken in 3/20 (15%) cases at a second surgical procedure. Areas of osteoclastic resorptive activity mixed with others of osteoblastic bone apposition, showed replacement with new bone. We conclude that cranial vault frozen allografts are a good alternative to autologous bone when the latter is absent or not present in sufficient amount.