MULTIFOCAL ELECTRORETINOGRAPHY AND SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN MACULA-OFF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT: A Prospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To analyze the temporal trends in structural changes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and functional changes using multifocal electroretinogram after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery. METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled 69 patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent successful surgery. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity, multifocal electroretinogram evaluation of the central 5°, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (M) after surgery. The fellow eye served as the control group for multifocal electroretinogram parameters. RESULTS: Between M1 and M12, visual acuity improved from 64 to 75 letters (P = 0.001) and implicit time of N1 decreased from 27.8 to 25.2 milliseconds (P = 0.001), whereas the other parameters did not vary significantly. Amplitude and implicit time values did not reach normal values at M12. Alterations of the ellipsoid zone and the external limiting membrane decreased over time (P = 0.001). P1 implicit time correlated independently with the alteration of the external limiting membrane (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Foveal wave amplitudes remain lower than normal values after successful surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, whereas anatomical improvement was found for outer retinal abnormalities and subretinal edema fluid. Retinal recovery improves N1 implicit time over time. Disruption of external limiting membrane seems to be predictive of increased P1 implicit time.

Retinal Vessel Phenotype in Patients with Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

PURPOSE: The pathophysiology of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is not completely understood. Studies of the retinal vasculature phenotype in patients with NAION could help us to understand vascular abnormalities associated with the disease. DESIGN: Retrospective case series with matched control subjects. METHODS: Study population: 57 patients with NAION and 57 control subjects matched to NAION patients for sex, age, systemic hypertension, diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome between September 2007 and July 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All patients and control subjects underwent a complete ocular examination and 45° funduscopic color photographs. The widths of the 6 largest arteries in zone B (between 0.5 and 1 optic disc diameter from the optic disc), summarized by the central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), the widths of the 6 largest veins in zone B, summarized by the central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), the arteriole to venule ratio, tortuosity, and fractal dimension were measured on the 2 groups using Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina, a software tool for efficient semiautomatic quantification of the retinal vasculature morphology in fundus camera images. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and MacNemar χ2 test for paired sample and generalized estimating equations for modeling the Vessel Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina parameters as dependent variables were used. RESULTS: CRVE and fractal dimension (D0a) were significantly higher in the NAION group when compared with the control group, whereas the arteriole to venule ratio and vascular tortuosity were significantly lower. Compared with control subjects, acute NAION yielded an increased CRAE value (174 ± 33 vs 160 ± 13 µm) while resolution NAION yielded a decreased CRAE value (152 ± 12 vs 156 ± 33 µm). Acute NAION yielded an increased CRVE value (244 ± 35 vs 210 ± 21 µm) while resolution NAION yielded an unchanged CRVE value. We found no difference between groups for age, refraction, optic disc diameter, CRAE, or fractal dimension. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal vascular parameters were different in our sample between NAION and control patients, especially at the acute stage of the disease. Our results suggest a normalization of the same parameters at the resolution stage.

Longitudinal study of retinal status using optical coherence tomography after acute onset endophthalmitis following cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To analyse the macula imaged with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients treated for acute postcataract endophthalmitis. METHODS: Patients presenting with acute postcataract endophthalmitis were included in this observational and multicentre study from January 2008 to December 2011. We recorded the following OCT data at the 3, 6 and 12-month visits: the central macular thickness, the perifoveal macular thickness, the central foveal point thickness and abnormalities of the outer retina, the macula and vitreoretinal interface. RESULTS: 46 patients were included in the OCT analysis. From month 3 to 12, epiretinal membrane (ERM) prevalence increased from 26% to 39%, vitreomacular traction prevalence decreased from 12% to 6%, non-tractional macular oedema (ME) prevalence varied between 7% and 13%. Only macular thinning remained stable at 10%. At month 12, a significant correlation was found between non-tractional ME and capsular rupture (at the time of cataract extraction, p=0.03). Eyes with an ERM exhibited increased central macular thickness (p=0.001) and lower visual acuity (VA) (p=0.02) at M12 in comparison to the group with normal macula. OCT analysis showed a significant association between ERM and the alteration of the ellipsoid band (p=0.02), as well as the external limiting membrane (ELM, p=0.07) at M12. CONCLUSIONS: ERM and ME were the main macular abnormalities diagnosed after 1 year of follow-up, associated with VA less than or equal to 20/40 in 50% of the cases. Ultrastructural abnormalities of the ELM and the ellipsoid band were frequently observed in those patients.

Occurrence and risk factors for retinal detachment after pars plana vitrectomy in acute postcataract bacterial endophthalmitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To report the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of retinal detachment (RD) in patients who had vitrectomy for acute bacterial endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. METHODS: 123 patients with acute postcataract endophthalmitis, consecutively treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) were included by the French Institutional Endophthalmitis Study group, in a prospective multicentre cohort study. Risk factors of RD were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS: At the 6-month follow-up, the rate of post-PPV RD was 13% (n=16). The risk factors of post-PPV RD were diabetes (OR=4.7 (1.4-15.4), p=0.01) and visualisation of retinal vasculitis on the posterior pole (OR=3.8 (1.1-13.9), p=0.03) at the time of PPV. Postoperative RD occurred in 56% (n=9) of cases in the first month, in 31% (n=5) in the second month and in 6% (n=1) in the third month, with a mean delay of 47±71 days after PPV. The macula was detached in 12 cases (75%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy grade C was present in seven cases. Final successful reattachment of the retina was obtained in 60% (n=9/15) of cases, with one (7/9) or two surgeries (2/9). Final visual acuity after surgical repair was ≥20/40 in 19% of cases, compared with 43% in patients without RD (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: RD is a major and severe complication of PPV performed in patients with acute postcataract endophthalmitis. Retinal vasculitis is a major risk factor of RD after PPV. Anatomical and functional outcome remain poor.

A case-control study to assess aspirin as a risk factor of bleeding in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hemorrhagic risk factors during the management of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-two patients with (n = 74) or without (n = 248) bleeding (anterior segment, choroidal, intravitreal and/or subretinal) during or after RD surgery were included in this case-control study. Exclusion criteria were: history of trauma, vitreoretinal surgery, diabetic retinopathy, and taking clopidogrel and/or a vitamin K antagonist. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors of perioperative bleeding. RESULTS: Aspirin was not significantly associated with bleeding complications during or after surgery (p = 0.8). Scleral buckling (with cryotherapy and gas tamponnade) was performed in 47 % of the cases and pars plana vitrectomy in 53 % of the cases. Independent risk factors of perioperative hemorrhage were the number of cryotherapy impacts (odds ratio =1.12 [1.06; 1.20], 95 % confidence interval), transscleral drainage (OR = 4.22 [1.62; 10.98]), and use of pars plana vitrectomy (OR = 3.39 [1.36; 8.47]). Bleeding complications were associated with a lower single-operation anatomical success rate (74 % vs 84 %, p = 0.03). There was also a trend toward an association between bleeding complications, a higher total number of RD recurrences (0.19 ± 0.5 in the non-bleeding group vs 0.34 ± 0.6, p = 0.06), and a lower final visual acuity (0.5 ± 0.6 logMAR vs 0.7 ± 0.7, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: This case-control study suggests that aspirin is not a major risk factor of hemorrhagic complications during and after RD surgery. Perioperative bleeding leads to a lower single-operation anatomic success rate.

Comparative prospective study of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in phakic or pseudophakic patients with high myopia.

PURPOSE: To compare the anatomical and functional results of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in highly myopic phakic or pseudophakic eyes. METHODS: This prospective 2-center study included 191 consecutive eyes (151 phakic and 40 pseudophakic eyes) from a prospective cohort of 835 patients (IRB #5891, between 2004 and 2008). Baseline and follow-up data were systematically recorded at presentation, 1 month, and 6 months or more after surgery. On final examination, two groups were considered based on the need for one or more surgeries to achieve retinal reapplication. End points were primary reattachment rate at the 6-month visit, final anatomical success rate, postoperative visual acuity, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Pseudophakic eyes differed from phakic eyes in age (60.8 ± 10.4 vs. 49.9 ± 12.3, P < 0.001), smaller pupil dilation (8.0 ± 1.5 vs. 8.5 ± 1.2 mm, P = 0.02), fewer retinal tears seen preoperatively (1.5 ± 1.6 vs. 2.2 ± 2.2, P = 0.06), more frequent use of pars plana vitrectomy (80% vs. 28.5%, P < 0.001), and higher single reattachment rate (92.5% vs. 80.7%). Visual acuity was greater than or equal to 20/40 in 54% of cases with single retinal detachment surgery and 44% of cases with multiple surgeries. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only 3 independent variables were significantly predictive of good final visual acuity (20/40): initial visual acuity (<20/400, odds ratio = 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.51; P = 0.002), axial length (odds ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.75, P < 0.001), and pars plana vitrectomy (odds ratio = 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.71, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: This prospective study showed similar baseline retinal detachment characteristics of high myopic phakic or pseudophakic eyes, suggesting that high myopia was the main pathogenic factor in both groups. Although high myopic eye presents anatomical characteristics that could favor surgical morbidity, these recent prospective data show that high myopic eyes exhibit functional and anatomical prognosis close to that described in emmetropic eyes.

Twenty-four hour (Nyctohemeral) rhythm of intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure in normal-tension glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To characterize the nyctohemeral rhythm of intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated normal tension glaucoma (NTG). METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with suspected NTG were prospectively included and underwent 24-hour monitoring of IOP and blood pressure (BP), polysomnography, and nailfold capillaropathy. The nyctohemeral rhythms of IOP, BP, and OPP were modeled with a nonlinear least-squares, dual-harmonic regression procedure, studying the mean value, the acrophase, the nadir and the amplitude of each rhythm. Nonparametric tests were used to study the relationship between the rhythm of IOP and vascular, sleep, and visual field parameters. RESULTS: Five patients were excluded from the analysis after the 24-hour curve of IOP, (IOP > 21 mm Hg during nighttime [n = 1] or daytime [n = 4]). Twenty-two (81%) patients received a diagnosis of NTG (IOP < 22 mm Hg over 24 hours). They exhibited a diurnal acrophase (54.5%), or a nocturnal acrophase (36.4%) of IOP. The remaining patients (9.1%) with NTG had no nyctohemeral rhythm. A significantly higher proportion of patients with capillaropathy and a higher nyctohemeral fluctuation of IOP characterized the IOP group with diurnal acrophase. A rhythm of OPP was found in all patients, (diurnal [58%] or nocturnal [42%]) acrophase) equally distributed between the two groups of IOP. Amplitude of OPP was not significantly associated with the severity or progression of glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS: A nyctohemeral rhythm of IOP exists in most of the patients with NTG, either with a nocturnal acrophase or a diurnal acrophase. The rhythm of OPP did not correlate with the IOP rhythm.

Eubacterial PCR for bacterial detection and identification in 100 acute postcataract surgery endophthalmitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate eubacterial PCR compared with conventional cultures for detection and identification of bacterial agents in ocular samples from patients with acute postcataract endophthalmitis. METHODS: Broad-range eubacterial PCR amplification was used, followed by direct DNA sequencing in ocular samples (aqueous humor, vitreous samples from tap or vitrectomy) from 100 consecutive patients presenting with acute postcataract endophthalmitis. Bacterial cultures were performed on the same ocular samples by using traditional methods (brain-heart infusion broth). RESULTS: At the time of admission, the detection rate was not significantly different between cultures and PCR (38.2% for cultures versus 34.6% for PCR in aqueous humor samples; 54% versus 57% in vitreous from a vitreous tap). In contrast, in the vitreous obtained from vitrectomy, after intravitreous injection of antibiotics, PCR detected bacteria in 70% of the cases, compared with 9% in cultures. By combining PCR and cultures, bacterial identification was obtained in 47% of aqueous humor samples at admission, in 68% of vitreous samples from a vitreous tap at admission, and in 72% of vitreous samples from pars plana vitrectomy. Gram-positive bacteria predominated (94.3%). The concordance between cultures and PCR was 100%. The contamination rate was 2%. CONCLUSIONS: Cultures and eubacterial PCR are complementary techniques for bacterial identification in eyes with acute postcataract endophthalmitis. PCR technique was needed for identification of the involved microbial pathogen in 25% of all the cases. Eubacterial PCR is more effective than cultures in detecting bacteria in vitreous samples from patients with previous intravitreous administration of antibiotics.