ABSTRACT
The antiamnesic effects of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (PLG) and analogues of this tripeptide were investigated in rats. Retrograde amnesia was induced by electroconvulsive shock treatment and the degree of amnesia was characterized by the attenuation of one-trial learning passive avoidance response. PLG resulted in dose-dependent attenuation of retrograde amnesia. Structural modifications included N-terminal protection, substitution of the C-terminal NH2 group, replacement of the N-terminal amino acid, and replacement of the second amino acid of the tripeptide. Some tripeptides, all of them containing D-pipecolic acid instead of the N-terminal proline, were more effective than PLG. Therefore, D-pipecolic acid, D-pipecolamide and their N-terminally protected analogues were also investigated, and were found to have powerful antiamnesic effects.
Subject(s)
Amnesia, Retrograde/drug therapy , Amnesia/drug therapy , Avoidance Learning/drug effects , MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone/analogs & derivatives , Pipecolic Acids/pharmacology , Amnesia, Retrograde/etiology , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electroshock/adverse effects , MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone/pharmacology , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Reaction Time/drug effectsABSTRACT
To evaluate the style of education in this group of children, "scale versions" according to Stapf were used. Mothers of atopic children were found to be significantly more "strict" in their educational approach compared with control mothers (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups of fathers. In particular, mothers of atopic children significantly more often favored "grown-up" behavior in their children and the capacity to enjoy the joy of children was significantly less pronounced compared with controls. In the children's drawings, children with atopic eczema lacked the "friendly atmosphere" expressed in drawings of control children. Fathers of atopic children were drawn significantly smaller than the respective mothers. In animal drawings, children with atopic eczema mostly selected unpleasant or dangerous animals to describe their parents, brothers, or sisters. From the structured interviews, the following points were remarkable: atopic children more often display aggressive thoughts or behavior against their parents than do controls. Mothers of atopic children react less spontaneously and less emotionally to children's emotions. Maternal affection often takes place as a hygienic ritual or in a body and achievement-oriented fashion. Mothers of atopic children like them to behave in a "grown-up" manner.
Subject(s)
Child Rearing , Dermatitis, Atopic/psychology , Parent-Child Relations , Psychophysiologic Disorders/psychology , Adolescent , Arousal , Art , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Interview, Psychological , Mother-Child Relations , Personality TestsABSTRACT
A total of 23 children with atopic eczema and 13 control children suffering from non-atopic dermatological disorders were studied. For children between 8 and 14 years the "Hamburg neuroticism and extraversion scale for children and adolescents" (HANES-KJ) was used. In this test no statistically significant differences were observed between children with atopic eczema and children with other dermatological disorders. The mothers and fathers of atopic children were examined for personality profiles using the "Freiburger personality inventory" (FPI). In the FPI, mothers of children with atopic eczema were shown to be less "spontaneous", more "under control" and less "emotional" than the normal population. The fathers of atopic children showed now significant differences compared with the normal population; however, there was a trend towards increased "irritability". In a comparison of FPI profiles within couples with atopic children, mothers showed less "somatic emotional response" in the FPI profile, while the feature "emotional control" was more prominent in the mothers as compared with the respective fathers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
