Efectos agudos de los descansos activos sobre la atención selectiva en escolares / Acute effects of active breaks on selective attention in schoolchildren

Physical activity seems to show positive effects on selective attention. Active breaks seem to be a strategy to implement in schools to improve the selective attention of schoolchildren. The current literature does not conclude with which type, duration and intensity of physical activity the greatest effects on attention are achieved. The aim of this study was to analyse the acute effects of active breaks on selective attention. It was carried out using a quantitative methodology and pre-post design with no control group. Seventy-five schoolchildren between 10 and 12 years of age participated, distributed among three experimental conditions. The d2 test was used before and after the break to measure selective attention. The first experimental group took a passive break based on reading, the second an active break based on moderate-intensity intervallic physical activity and the third group an active break based on high-intensity intervallic physical activity. The breaks took place inside the classrooms. A significant improvement was shown for the group that performed the high-intensity intervalic active rest compared to the other two groups. In conclusion, high-intensity active breaks could be a viable strategy to favour the improvement of selective attention.(AU)

The effects of a physical activity intervention based on a fatness and fitness smartphone app for University students.

Since the 2012 Lancet Series on physical activity, progress regarding this topic has been negligible at global level. Thus, improving physical activity levels in specific populations through new methodologies is positioned as a priority. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a physical activity intervention on body fatness composition, and measured and self-reported physical fitness components based on the use of a smartphone app. The investigation included 100 Spanish university students, cluster-randomized into the smartphone app intervention group or a control group (n = 35 and n = 31 respectively, after applying exclusion criteria). The physical activity intervention comprised a 9-week programme designed to promote a healthy physical activity pattern using a smartphone app. Specifically, an mHealth approach was taken containing five BCTs. The results showed that the intervention group improved their physical fitness (F = 8.1, p = .006) and reported better general scores in self-reported physical fitness (F = 7.4, p = .008) over time, in comparison to the control group. However, the intervention group did not show any changes to their fatness. Further research is needed to disentangle which BCTs are more effective to achieve physical health improvements when using physical activity apps.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio interválico de intensidad moderada-vigorosa sobre la condición física y la composición corporal en escolares de 11 y 12 años / Effects of moderate to vigorous intensity interval exercise program on fitness and fatness in 11-and 12-years-old schoolchildren

INTRODUCCIÓN: se evidencia un aumento cada vez mayor de la preocupación debido a valores alarmantes en condición física y composición corporal, que sitúan a los escolares en unos parámetros de riesgo en lo relativo a la salud física. Numerosas investigaciones relacionan la actividad física con la mejora en la condición física y la composición corporal. OBJETIVO: analizar los efectos de un programa de ejercicio interválico de intensidad moderada-vigorosa sobre indicadores de condición física (fuerza isométrica manual en ambas manos, fuerza explosiva del tren inferior, velocidad-agilidad y capacidad aeróbica) y de composición corporal (índice de masa corporal, % de grasa corporal, perímetro de cintura e índice cintura/altura), referentes todos ellos para la salud en escolares de 11 y 12 años. MÉTODOS: se desarrolla una intervención en la que participó un grupo experimental y otro control con 28 escolares cada uno de ellos. Transcurrió a lo largo de 7 semanas, con sesiones de 30 minutos totales antes del inicio de la actividad académica, 3 días por semana. Se realizaron diferentes juegos interválicos, con una intensidad moderada-vigorosa (70-80 % de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima). El registro en condición física y composición corporal se realizó a través de la batería ALPHA. RESULTADOS: mejoras significativas en fuerza isométrica con ambas manos y una reducción significativa del perímetro de cintura e índice cintura/altura. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados muestran mejoras significativas en indicadores de condición física y composición corporal; sin embargo, se precisa de una intervención de mayor duración para conocer si las otras mejoras logradas en los indicadores analizados consiguen ser significativas con el transcurso del tiempo

INTRODUCTION: there is growing evidence of concern for values in terms of physical condition and body composition that place school children being at risk in physical health. Numerous investigations relate physical activity with improvement in physical condition and body composition. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the effects of a sub-maximal intensity interval exercise program on physical condition (upper body isometric strength in both hands, lower body explosive strength, velocity-agility and cardiorespiratory fitness) and body composition (body mass index, % of body fat, waist circumference and waist/height index), all of them related to health, in schoolchildren of 11 and 12 years. METHODS: an intervention was developed in which an experimental group participated and another control group with 28 schoolchildren each. The study developped over 8 weeks, with sessions of total 30 minutes before the start of the academic activity 3 days per week. Different intervallic games were made with motor, cognitive and coordination challenges; with a moderate-vigorous intensity (70 %-80 % of maximum heart rate). The registration in physical condition and body composition was made through the ALPHA Battery. RESULTS: significant improvements in isometric strength in both hands and a reduction in waist circumference and waist/height were found. CONCLUSIONS: the results show significant improvements in indicators of fitness and fatness, however, it requires a long-term intervention to know if the other improvements achieved in the analyzed indicators are significant over time

Prevalence of severe/morbid obesity and other weight status and anthropometric reference standards in Spanish preschool children: The PREFIT project.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity has become a major health problem in children under the age of 5 years. Providing reference standards would help paediatricians to detect and/or prevent health problems related to both low and high levels of body mass and to central adiposity later in life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of different weight status categories and to provide sex- and age-specific anthropometry reference standards for Spanish preschool children. METHODS: A total of 3178 preschool children (4.59±0.87 years old) participated in this study. Prevalence of different degrees of obesity (mild, severe, and morbid) and other weight status categories were determined. RESULTS: Reference standards were obtained. Prevalence of overweight and obese preschool children in the Spanish population ranged from 21.4 to 34.8%. Specifically, the obesity prevalence was 3.5, 1.2, and 1.3% of these subjects were categorized as mild, severe, and morbid obese. Sex- and age-specific reference standards for anthropometric parameters are provided for every 0.25 years (i.e. every trimester of life). CONCLUSION: Our results show a high prevalence of overweight/obese preschoolers. The provided sex- and age-specific anthropometric reference standards could help paediatricians to track and monitor anthropometric changes at this early stage in order to prevent overweight/obesity.

A Single Question of Parent-Reported Physical Activity Levels Estimates Objectively Measured Physical Fitness and Body Composition in Preschool Children: The PREFIT Project.

Physical inactivity is recognized as a determinant of low physical fitness and body composition in preschool children, which in turn, are important markers of health through the lifespan. Objective methods to assess physical activity, physical fitness and body composition in preschool children are preferable; however, they have some practical limitations in the school context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test whether a single question regarding physical activity level of preschool children, reported by their parents, could be used as an alternative screening tool of physical fitness and body composition. The information was obtained from 10 different cities throughout Spain, gathering a total of 3179 healthy preschool children (52.8% boys and 47.2% girls) aged 3-5 years. Physical activity levels of preschool children were reported by parents using a single question with five response options (very low, low, average, high, or very high). Physical fitness and body composition were assessed with the PREFIT fitness battery. The results showed that parents' perception of their children's physical activity was positively associated with all objectively measured physical fitness components (ßrange = -0.094 to 0.113; all p < 0.020); and negatively with body composition indicators as measured (ßrange = -0.113 to -0.058; all p < 0.001). The results showed significant differences in all physical fitness and body composition z-scores across the parent-reported physical activity levels (all p < 0.017 and all p < 0.001, respectively), as well as, for the fitness index (p < 0.001). Our study suggests that in school settings with insufficient resources to objectively assess fitness and body composition, parents-reported physical activity level by means of a single question might provide useful information about these important health markers in preschool children.

Sports participation and low back pain in schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the biggest health problems worldwide. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between sports participation (duration and type) and LBP related outcomes in childhood. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 5th and 6th grade primary school students. The final sample included 2,032 children aged 10-12 years old. Children completed a questionnaire about the prevalence of LBP and some LBP-related outcomes. In addition, the participants were surveyed about the type of sport they did and the duration. RESULTS: There appears to be no relation between sports participation and severity of LBP-related outcomes studied, independently of their duration. Participating in football ⩾ 4 hours per week was associated with a decrease of six LBP-related outcomes (OR ranging from 0.54 to 0.66). Basketball participation does not seem to affect the development of back problems amongst children. CONCLUSIONS: It can be suggested with caution that doing sport is not dangerous for LBP problems in children aged 10-12 years old. Nevertheless, this suggestion should be tested with further longitudinal and intervention studies to confirm the results.

A Mediation Analysis on the Relationship of Physical Fitness Components, Obesity, and Academic Performance in Children.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between a battery of obesity indicators and physical fitness components with academic performance in children and to explore the combined and mediation role of the physical fitness components in the relationship between obesity and academic performance in children. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study including data from 250 Spanish schoolchildren (Balearic Islands) between 10 and 12 years of age (mean age, 10.98 ± 0.76 years) was conducted. Obesity measures (body mass index, body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-height ratio), physical fitness components (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and speed-agility), and academic performance (Spanish language, Catalan language, English language, natural sciences, social sciences, arts, physical education, religion, and grade point average [GPA]) were collected. RESULTS: All obesity measures were negatively related to at least 3 of the 10 academic indicators, including GPA (ß range, -0.135 to -0.229; all P < .05). Cardiorespiratory fitness and speed-agility were positively related to all academic indicators (ß range, 0.182 to 0.350; all P < .046) and muscular fitness with 3 academic indicators (ß range, 0.143 to 0.253; all P < .039). Children considered as fit had better academic performance than their unfit peers (score +0.75; P = .001). The association between body mass index and GPA was mediated by cardiorespiratory fitness and speed-agility. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation contributes to the current knowledge by adding evidence about the crucial role of physical fitness in terms of academic performance rather than obesity status, suggesting that physical fitness may ameliorate the negative influence of obesity on academic performance.

Effects of a Whatsapp-delivered physical activity intervention to enhance health-related physical fitness components and cardiovascular disease risk factors in older adults.

BACKGROUND: This pilot study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a 10-week WhatsApp-based intervention aimed at enhancing health-related physical fitness components and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors compared with a face-to-face condition. METHODS: Participants (N.=32) were assigned to one of three groups: training group (N.=16), mobile group (N.=7) and control group (N.=9). Training group and mobile group performed the same training program, based on strength training with elastics bands and aerobic exercise, during 10 weeks; only the delivery mode differed. RESULTS: The mobile group increased handgrip strength, aerobic capacity and decreased systolic blood pressure and heart rate after exercise though there were no significant differences respect to control group. The training group decreased significantly systolic blood pressure (P=0.038), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.005), mean arterial pressure (P=0.006) and heart rate after exercise (P=0.002), respect to control group. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison between training and mobile group showed that WhatsApp-based physical activity intervention was less effective than face-to-face condition. The results indicate that the use of an online social network produced slight changes in some health-related physical fitness components and CVD risk factors.

Increasing physical activity through mobile device interventions: A systematic review.

Physical inactivity is a health problem that affects people worldwide and has been identified as the fourth largest risk factor for overall mortality (contributing to 6% of deaths globally). Many researchers have tried to increase physical activity levels through traditional methods without much success. Thus, many researchers are turning to mobile technology as an emerging method for changing health behaviours. This systematic review sought to summarise and update the existing scientific literature on increasing physical activity through mobile device interventions, taking into account the methodological quality of the studies. The articles were identified by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS and SPORTDiscus databases for studies published between January 2003 and December 2013. Studies investigating efforts to increase physical activity through mobile phone or even personal digital assistant interventions were included. The search results allowed the inclusion of 11 studies that gave rise to 12 publications. Six of the articles included in this review reported significant increases in physical activity levels. The number of studies using mobile devices for interventions has increased exponentially in the last few years, but future investigations with better methodological quality are needed to draw stronger conclusions regarding how to increase physical activity through mobile device interventions.

Análisis bayesiano de la motivación, el clima motivacional y la ansiedad en jóvenes jugadores de equipo / A Bayesian Analysis of the motivation, motivational climate and anxiety in young competitive team players

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre la autodeterminación, la disposición de orientación a metas, y el clima motivacional percibido por jóvenes deportistas, así como su impacto sobre los componentes somático y cognitivo de la ansiedad competitiva, y sobre la aceptación del uso del engaño y la astucia en el deporte. Se administraron los instrumentos PMCSQ-2, TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED y SAS-2 a 270 jugadores de fútbol, balonmano y baloncesto (M = 14.67; DE = 1.53). Las relaciones de dependencia e independencia probabilística de las variables estudiadas fueron establecidas mediante una red Bayesiana implementada con Netica y Tetrad IV. Posteriormente, se instanciaron valores de probabilidad hipotéticos en algunas variables de la RB para analizar la variación sobre las probabilidades de las variables independientes. Los resultados muestran un distinto peso causal de la motivación autodeterminada y de la motivación de logro sobre la ansiedad competitiva, y evidencian una controvertida relación entre los climas motivacionales percibidos y las orientaciones de tarea y de ego de los jugadores. Asmismo, se confirma el papel residual de la ansiedad somática; el rol instrumental de la aceptación del engaño y la astucia, y finalmente, la validación de la red Bayesiana

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the self-determinated motivation, the goal orientation and the perceived motivational climate and their impact on the cognitive and somatic components of the competitive anxiety in young athletes, and their acceptance of the use of cheating and gamesmanship in sport. We administered PMCSQ,TEOSQ, BRSQ, CDED and SAS- 2 to 270 football, handball and basket ballplayers (Mean age = 14.67, SD = 1.53). Probabilistic relationships of dependence and independence of the variables were studied by a Bayesian network (BN), developed using Netica and Tetrad IV. After the validation of the BN, we instantiated hypothetical probability values of several dependent variables in order to analyze the variation of the probability of the independent variables. Results show different statistical dependence relationships between the self-determined motivation and achievement motivation, respect to the competitive anxiety, and also show a controversial relationship between the perceived motivational climate and the task and egoorientation of the players. It also shows the residual role of the somaticanxiety, and the instrumental role of the the use of cheating and gamemanship

Psychology in the realm of sport injury: What it is all about / Psychology in the realm of sport injury: What it is all about

Las lesiones deportivas son una constante en la actividad física y el deporte y representan, en mayor o menor grado, un obstáculo al que la mayor parte de los deportistas se tienen que enfrentar, pudiendo aquéllas tener consecuencias a nivel económico, laboral, educativo, además de a nivel físico y psicológico. Tradicionalmente, la lesión deportiva ha sido considerada como el resultado de la acción de fuerzas biomecánicas que ejercen sobre el cuerpo mientras se participa en una actividad deportiva. Esa perspectiva viene a considerar al deportista como un mero contendor de unas piezas que se han roto y deben ser reparadas. Al contrario, la Psicología del Deporte le concede al individuo un papel activo central tanto en el padecimiento de una lesión como en el proceso de recuperación de la misma. El presente artículo viene a promover una perspectiva psicológica de la lesión deportiva, revisando los principales modelos psicológicos que se han propuesto tanto para la fase de pre-lesión como para la fase de post-lesión. Finalmente, el artículo plantea los principales problemas de la investigación sobre lesiones deportivas y brinda una serie de líneas de actuación para llevar a cabo la investigación en este campo (AU)

Sport injuries are a constant in physical activity and sport and represent, to a greater or lesser degree, an obstacle that most athletes have to face and which could have an impact on economical, occupational and educational aspects, as well as on physical and psychological health. Traditionally, sport injury was deemed the result of biomechanical forces exerted on the body and sustained during participation in sport activity, under which perspective the athlete is considered merely as the container of a set of parts that break down and must be repaired. In contrast, Sport Psychology has brought the individual into a central active role, both when sustaining and recovering from an injury. This paper promotes a psychological perspective on sport injury and reviews the main psychological models posed for both the pre-injury and the post-injury phases. Finally, the paper addresses some of the main problems encountered by research on sport injury and sets out several guidelines for future research in the field (AU)

El dolor de espalda como lesión deportiva en jóvenes de 10-12 años / Low back pain as a sports injury in school children among 10-12 years

The aim of this research study is to explore the existence of back pain in schoolchildren aged 10-12 years old related to sports practice or not, sports type, frequency, and gender differences. This study was carried out using a sample of 2270 schoolchildren (1214 boys and 1056 girls) aged 10-12, resident in Mallorca. The sample was chosen using intentional random sampling. The questionnaire and method for gathering the data were previously validated using the test-rest reliability method. The results show the existence of low back pain among 38.3% of the schoolchildren (34.5% boys and 42.8% girls) suffers from back pain. There is a significant relationship between back pain and sport practice, positively in boys and negativity in girls, being explicated for the different sports practice according to gender. The highest values of back pain incidence were found in volleyball, masculine gymnastics and swimming more the 4 hours per week, and in rhythmic gymnastics. This study suggests, according to the results, back pain as a problem that affects the young population, especially to girls. The type of sport and its frequency is determinant to define if a sport could be or not a risk factor related to low back pain (AU)

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la incidencia de dolor de espalda en jóvenes de entre 10 y 12 años en función de si practican ono algún deporte, cuál practican, con qué frecuencia, y las posibles diferencias entre género. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 2270 escolares (1214 niños y 1056 niñas) de 10-12 años de Mallorca. La muestra se obtuvo por conglomerados (centros escolares) por muestreo intencional. El cuestionario y la metodología de recogida de datos fueron previamente validados mediante el método test-retest. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la existencia de dolor de espalda fue del 38.3% (34.5% en niños y 42.8% en niñas). Existe una relación significativa entre dolor de espalda y practicar deporte o no, en niños positiva y en niñas negativa, pudiendo ser explicado por las diferencias del tipo de deportes practicados según el género. Los mayores índices de incidencia de dolor de espalda aparecen entre los que practican voleibol, gimnasia deportiva y natación más de 4 horas semanales, y los que practican gimnasia rítmica. Este estudio sugiere, a partir de los resultados obtenidos, que el dolor de espalda es un mal que afecta de manera importante a la población juvenil, en especial al género femenino, y que el tipo de deporte practicado, así como su frecuencia, es determinante a la hora de definir si un deporte puede ser o no un factor de riesgo asociado al dolor de espalda (AU)

Effects of a postural education program on school backpack habits related to low back pain in children.

PURPOSE: Population based studies have demonstrated that children and adolescents often complain of low back pain. A group-randomized controlled trial was carried out to investigate the effects of a postural education program on school backpack habits related to low back pain in children aged 10-12 year. METHODS: The study sample included 137 children aged 10.7 years (SD = 0.672). Six classes from two primary schools were randomly allocated into experimental group (EG) (N = 63) or control group (CG) (N = 74). The EG received a postural education program over 6 weeks consisting of six sessions, while the CG followed the usual school curriculum. A questionnaire was fulfilled by the participants at pre-test, post-test, and 3 months after the intervention finished. The outcomes collected were: (1) try to load the minimum weight possible, (2) carry school backpack on two shoulders, (3) belief that school backpack weight does not affect to the back, and (4) the use of locker or something similar at school. A sum score was computed from the four items. RESULTS: Single healthy items mostly improved after the intervention and remained improved after 3-month follow-up in EG, while no substantial changes were observed in the CG. Healthy backpack use habits score was significantly increased at post-test compared to baseline in the EG (P < 0.000), and remained significantly increased after 3-month, compared to baseline (P = 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the CG (P > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: The present study findings confirm that children are able to learn healthy backpack habits which might prevent future low back pain.

Acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating in young competitive athletes in relation to the motivational climate generated by parents and coaches.

The goal was to assess the relation between the acceptance of using gamesmanship and cheating in sports and the type of motivational climate created by coaches and parents. The sample consisted of 110 soccer, basketball, and handball players from the Balearic Islands competition (70 boys, 40 girls; M age = 14.7 yr., SD = 2.1, range 10-19). As for the motivational climate generated by coaches, task climate was negatively related to the acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating, but ego climate was related to higher acceptance. Motivational climate generated by parents was not related to acceptance of cheating or gamesmanship.

Relaciones entre calidad de vida, actividad física, sedentarismo y fitness cardiorrespiratorio en niños / Relationship between quality of life, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children

El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la relación entre algunos dominios de la calidad de vida, relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en niños, con el estado cardiorrespiratorio, el nivel de actividad física, el sedentarismo (tiempo de pantalla) y el índice de masa corporal de una población de 302 niños de once y doce años de edad, para determinar si la condición física (Fitness cardiorrespiratorio) es un factor clave en lugar de la actividad física, para garantizar la futura calidad de vida de los niños. El cuestionario sobre salud infantil y calidad de vida (CHIP-CE / PRF- edición española) se utilizó para medir la CVRS, El test de 20m de ida y vuelta para el fitness cardiorrespiratorio, El cuestionario de Salud Escolar de Acción, Planificación y Evaluación (SHAPES), módulo de actividad física, se utilizó para medir la actividad física semanal y el tiempo de pantalla. Los padres reportaron altura y peso. Los resultados muestran una fuerte correlación entre el fitness cardiovascular y la CVRS, y el tiempo de pantalla con la CVRS, pero no existe correlación entre CVRS y la actividad física (AU)

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between some domains of health related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity level, sedentary lifestyle (screen time) and the body mass index of a population of 302 children eleven and twelve years of age to determine whether physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness) is a key factor, to ensure the future quality of life of children. Children’s health and Illness profile - Child edition - Parent Report Form - Spanish Edition - (CHIP-CE / PRF-Spanish edition) was used to measure HRQoL, the 20m run test for cardiorespiratory fitness, and the School Health Action, Planning and Evaluation (SHAPES) physical activity module was used to measure weekly physical activity and screen time. Parents reported height and weight. The results show a strong correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and HRQoL, and screen time with HRQoL, but no correlation between HRQoL and physical activity (AU)

El Cuestionario de Disposición al Engaño en el Deporte (CDED): su aplicación a jóvenes deportistas / Disposition to cheating in sport questionnaire (CDED): its application to young athletes

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido desarrollar, adaptar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de un Cuestionario de Disposición al Engaño en el Deporte (CDED), derivado del Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire. La muestra estaba formada por 110 adolescentes (70 niños y 41 niñas) con una media de edad de 14.65 años (Rango: 10 - 19 años; DE = 2.09 años). Los resultados muestran que el cuestionario CDED, formado por las dos subescalas Aceptación del engaño y Aceptación de la astucia, discrimina correctamente, con una fiabilidad y una validez factorial aceptables, entre las variables de la muestra estudiada (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Disposition to Cheating in Sport Questionnaire (CDED), derived from the Attitudes to Moral Decision-Making in Youth Sport Questionnaire (AMDYSQ-1, Lee, Whitehead and Ntoumanis, 2007). The sample included 110 adolescents (70 boys and 41 girls) with a mean age of 14.65 (Range: 10-19; SD = 2.09 years). The results show that the CDED, composed of the Acceptance of Cheating and Acceptance of Gamesmanship subscales, discriminates the population’s variables acceptably and demonstrates an acceptable reliability and factorial validation (AU)

Ansiedad competitiva y clima motivacional en jóvenes futbolistas de competición, en relación con las habilidades y el rendimiento percibido por sus entrenadores / Performance anxiety and motivational climate in young competitive soccer players in relation to performance and skills perceived by their coaches

En este estudio se analizan las relaciones existentes entre la ansiedad competitiva (en sus facetas cognitiva y somática) y el clima motivacional percibido (de ego y de maestría) en una población de 54 jóvenes futbolistas de competición de edad media de 9,45 años, respecto de la percepción de sus habilidades y rendimiento deportivos por parte de sus 4 entrenadores, que también participaron en el estudio. Para ello se les administró las versiones españolas del SAS-2 (Sport Anxiety Scale-2, Smith, Smoll, Cumming y Grossbard, 2006) y el MCSYS (Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports, Smith, Cumming y Smoll, 2008), así como dos escalas ad hoc para evaluar la percepción de su habilidad y rendimiento. Los resultados muestran, por una parte, que los jóvenes futbolistas perciben y discriminan claramente los climas motivacionales, que se distribuyen casi al 50% entre ego y maestría; por otra, que aparece ansiedad competitiva, aunque más cognitiva que somática, y que no existe relación significativa con las percepciones de habilidad y rendimiento por parte de los entrenadores. Finalmente, estos resultados se discuten y se comparan con otros similares en poblaciones preadolescentes (AU)

This study analysed the relationships between competitive anxiety (both cognitive and somatic) and perceived motivational climate (ego and mastery) in 54 young competitive soccer players (mean age: 9.45 years), related to their four coaches’ perceptions of the soccer players’ skills and performance. We administered the Spanish versions of the SAS-2 (Sport Anxiety Scale-2, Smith, Smoll, Cumming and Grossbard, 2006) and the MCSYS (Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports, Smith, Cumming and Smoll, 2008), along with two ad hoc scales to evaluate perceived skills and performance. The results show that 1) young players perceived and discriminated clearly between motivational climates (which were more or less equally distributed between ego and mastery orientations), 2) some performance-related anxiety (mostly cognitive rather than somatic) appeared and 3) no significant relationships were found between their coaches’ perceptions of their skills and their performance. Lastly, the results are discussed and compared with similar results from preadolescent players (AU)

Commitment, enjoyment and motivation in young soccer competitive players

Building upon Deci’s and Ryan (1985) Self-determination theory as well as the sportive behavioral correlates of the model of Commitment (Scanlan et al., 1976), this study tries to establish the relationship between motivation and commitment in youth sport. For this purpose 454 young competitive soccer players answered the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) and the Sport Commitment Questionnaire (SCQ) during the regular season. The SMS measures the three dimensions of the Motivational continuum (the Amotivation, the Extrinsic Motivation and the Intrinsic Motivation). The SCQ measures the Sportive Commitment and its composing factors such as the Enjoyment, the Alternatives to the sport, and the Social Pressure. Our findings provided a clear pattern of the influence of motivation in sport enjoyment and commitment, outlining the positive contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enjoyment and commitment. Amotivation, contributes positively to alternatives to sport and negatively to enjoyment and commitment. It should be noted that extrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to enjoyment whereas intrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to commitment (AU)

Fundamentándose en la teoría de la Autodeterminación (Deci y Ryan, 1985) así como en los correlatos conductuales del modelo de Compromiso (Scanlan et al. 1976), este estudio trata de establecer las relaciones entre motivación y compromiso en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Con este propósito 454 jóvenes jugadores de fútbol contestaron la Escala de Motivación Deportiva (SMS) y el Cuestionario de Compromiso Deportivo (SCQ). El SMS mide las tres dimensiones del continuum motivacional (Amotivación, Motivación extrínseca y motivación intrínseca). El SCQ mide el compromiso deportivo y los factores que lo componen, tales como el disfrute, las alternativas al deporte y la presión social. Nuestros resultados proporcionan un patrón claro acerca de la influencia de la motivación en el compromiso y la diversión en el deporte, subrayando la contribución positiva de la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca en la diversión y el compromiso. La amotivación contribuye positivamente a las alternativas al deporte y negativamente a la diversión y el compromiso. Es de destacar que la motivación extrínseca tiene una contribución mayor a la diversión, mientras que la motivación intrínseca tiene una contribución mayor al compromiso (AU)

Commitment, enjoyment and motivation in young soccer competitive players.

Building upon Deci's and Ryan (1985) Self-determination theory as well as the sportive behavioral correlates of the model of Commitment (Scanlan et al., 1976), this study tries to establish the relationship between motivation and commitment in youth sport. For this purpose 454 young competitive soccer players answered the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) and the Sport Commitment Questionnaire (SCQ) during the regular season. The SMS measures the three dimensions of the Motivational continuum (the Amotivation, the Extrinsic Motivation and the Intrinsic Motivation). The SCQ measures the Sportive Commitment and its composing factors such as the Enjoyment, the Alternatives to the sport, and the Social Pressure. Our findings provided a clear pattern of the influence of motivation in sport enjoyment and commitment, outlining the positive contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enjoyment and commitment. Amotivation, contributes positively to alternatives to sport and negatively to enjoyment and commitment, It should be noted that extrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to enjoyment whereas intrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to commitment.