[Psychophysiological development of two generations of female rats chronically exposed to gamma-irradiation during pregnancy in the total dose of 1 Gy and its modification by melanin].

The purpose of the work was to study the embryotoxic action of chronic gamma-irradiation of pregnant female rats (F0) during the first 10 days of pregnancy in the total dose of 1 Gy (mean dose rate of 5.31 mGy/hour) on psychophysiological development of posterity of the first (F1) and the second (F2) generations and its modification by natural pigment melanin (peroral 10 mg/kg once per day during the irradiation). 54 pregnant female Wistar rats were the objects of research were their 180 descendants of the first generation and about 400 descendants of the second generation of maternal and of paternal lines. Psychophysiological development and its correction by melanin estimated on ability to learning with the test of training a conditioned avoidance reflex in the shuttle box. Precise negative action of gamma-irradiation in the aforesaid dose on psychophysiological development of posterity of the first generation is established. At rats of the second generation the inferiority is shown mainly at descendants of maternal line. Application of melanin of natural origin in most cases diminished negative consequences of the irradiation.

[Consequences for posterity of two generations of an irradiation pregnant from females rats Wistar in small doses during a bookmark of reproduction system of fetuses development of posterity of the second generation and it reproduction function].

With the purpose of study of consequences for development and reproduction functions of posterity of the second generation from females rats Wistar of a total unitary gamma-irradiation in dozes 0.25; 0.5 and 1 Gy (capacity of a doze 0.03 sGy/s) on 10th day of pregnancy (the period of the onset of fetuses reproduction system development) is investigated more than 630 females, 1400 with the age of 19th days, and about 3200 young rats. The revealed deviations(rejections) in development of posterity of two generations parents, antenatal irradiated in not sterilizing dozes, in he period of a beginning of formation of reproduction system, them a variety at different dozes of radiating influence, shown as at posterity of the irradiated mothers, and fathers, testify about instability genoms in a line of generations requiring the account and acceptance of necessary measures for preservation normal genofund.

[The influence of the exogenous melanin on the development of the second generation of the female Wistar rats exposed during the critical period of the pegnancy at the nonsterilizing doses of different rate means].

The purpose of this study was to estimate the radio-protective activity of melanin for the reproductive status of Wistar rats. Wistar rats were exposed in utero either to the single gamma-irradiation on the tenth day of embryogenesis with the dose of 1 Gy or to the chronic gamma-irradiation with the total dose of 1 Gy during the first 10 days of embryogenesis. Such things like the ability of the rats to conceive, the embryogeny and early postnatal ontogeny of rat's posterity were studied. These doses of the radiation and the melanin did not produce the significant damages of the reproductive function of the survival offsprings of the first generation. The possible mechanisms of radio-protective effect of melanin on reproductive system of animals which have been exposed with the nonsterilizing doses at different mean dose rate were discussed.

[The influence of exogenous melanin on the development of female Wistar rats' posterity of first generation exposed to low doses at different dose rates during embryogenesis]. / Vliianie ékzogennogo melanina na razvitie potomstva pervogo pokoleniia krys Wistar, obluchennogo v émbriogeneze v maloi doze raznoi moshchnosti.

To research a radio-protective effect of melanin on the reproductive system during its creation the development of first generation posterity (900 descendants) of 125 pubertal female Wistar rats was examined after the single gamma-irradiation with a dose of 1 Gy (mean dose rate of 0.03 mGy/h), which they have been exposed to on the day ten of pregnancy, and the chronic gamma-irradiation with a total dose of 1 Gy (mean dose rate of 5.31 mGy/h) which they have been being exposed to during the first 10 days of pregnancy. The melanin of natural animal origin has the anti-radial effectiveness with the single irradiation increasing the number of alive newborn descendants in a litter and doubling their survival during the first 30 days after the birth. The melanin's effect is less expressed with the chronic irradiation.

[Reaction of posterity of two generations after exposure of pregnant Wistar rats to low dose irradiation during the period of fetus formation. Development of the first generation posterity]. / Posledstviia dlia potomstva dvukh pokolenii oblucheniia beremennykh samok-krys Vistar v malykh dozakh v period zakladki reproduktivnoi sistemy plodov. Razvitie potomstva pervogo pokoleniia.

Whole-body single exposure of female Wistar rats to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 Gy of gamma-rays (dose rate of 0.03 cGy/s) on the 10th day of pregnancy (a period of formation of the reproductive system in fetus) was carried out. To study irradiation consequences on the antenatal and postnatal development of the progeny 220 females, 700 19-day-old fetuses and about 1100 young rats were examined. The antenatal development of the progeny of the first generation was significantly impaired after the exposure to 1 Gy. However even less radiation doses resulted in a pronounced tendency to higher rates of intrauterine death and a lower number of live fetuses. Significant deviatins in the postnatal development of the first generation progeny were found after the exposure to 0.5 Gy, although the exposure to 0.25 Gy led to a higher rate of postnatal death and a less number of newborns in the litter.

[Increase of probability of cell loss in the endothelium of blood vessel capillaries in progeny of rats after a low-dose irradiation of one of the parents (electron microscopy study)]. / Povyshenie veroiatnosti gibeli kletok v éndotelii krovenosnykh kapilliarov u potomkov krys posle oblucheniia odnogo iz roditelei v malykh dozakh (élektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie).

The total gamma-irradiation of Wistar rats at a dose of 0.25 Gy as well as at higher doses (0.5, 2 and 4.5 Gy) produces in the capillary endothelial cells of myocardium and lung a pronounced, dose-independent increase of the yield of necrotized cells. Similar changes were revealed in the animals, of which one of the parents (a male one day, a female seven days prior to copulation) was irradiated at doses of 0.25 and 0.5 Gy. This effect was observed in all studied descendants. The massive induction of the changes already by low radiation actions and their dose-independence allow considering the revealed effects as a manifestation of peculiar cellular reactions that presumably have epigenetic nature.

[Embryogenesis and early postnatal ontogenesis of posterity of two generations of female Wistar rats, depending on the time of their fertilization after low dose radiation exposure]. / Embriogenez i rannii postnatal'nyi ontogenez potomstva dvukh pokolenii samok krys Vistar v zavisimosti ot vremeni ikh oplodotvoreniia posle oblucheniia v malykh dozakh.

On the first day and 3-10 or 40-60 days after a single whole-body gamma-irradiation with doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 Gy, the pubertal female Wistar rats coupled with intact males. The embryogenesis and early postnatal ontogenesis of posterity of two generations from these parents were investigated. A raised mutation rate and physiological inferiority of the progeny was found, depending both on a dose and on the degree of oocyte maturity at the moment of the irradiation. The obtained data showed the instability of the irradiated genome in a number of generations.

[Genetic consequences of irradiation of one or both parents (results of experiments on Wistar rats) Exitus lethalis in Wistar rat's progeny after irradiation of one or both parents]. / Geneticheskie posledstviia oblucheniia odnogo i oboikh roditelei ( rezul'taty éksperimentov na krysakh linii Wistar) Exitus letalis u potomstva krys Wistar posle oblucheniia odnogo i oboikh roditelei.

Examination of 2563 offsprings of Wistar rats after irradiation of one or both parents with doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 Gy was carried out; the manifestation of lethal effects in the progeny of the first generation in ontogenesis was studied. The level of embryonic death was the highest after irradiation of germ cells of parents at stages of spermatids, spermatozoids and matured oocytes. Following irradiation of both parents with doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 Gy at these stages of gametogenesis and 4 Gy at the stage of spermatids and matured oocytes there was a trend of increasing radiation effects caused by the participation of two irradiated germ cells. After irradiation of both parents with doses of 2, 3 and 4 Gy the embryonic death F1 was essentially the same as rates for irradiated females and non-irradiated males. The F1 death rate in early postnatal development exceeded the control only after irradiation with doses of 2, 3 and 4 Gy. The increase in radiation effects in the F1 due to the mating of two irradiated parents appears to be associated with a mechanism demonstrating additivity or synergism.

[The genetic sequelae of irradiation in mammals (a review of the literature)]. / Aktual'nye aspekty problemy geneticheskikh posledstvii oblucheniia mlekopitaiushchikh (obzor literatury).

The problem of hereditary effects of mammal exposure to ionizing radiation has a 95-year history but to date, no simple final solution has been available. Many papers on this problem specify the dependence of the hereditary effects on dose rate, regime, physical nature of radiation exposure, type, line and age of mammals that were studied. Over many years it was studied mainly as an aspect of hereditary radiation effects in progeny of one irradiated and the second non-irradiated parents. Recently due to the large-scale expansion of ionizing irradiation, it has turned out urgent to study hereditary radiation effects in progeny of both irradiated parents. However, the original studies on this problem are not numerous, and in the summarized articles, the problem practically had no specified presentation.

[State of the progeny of the 1st generation conceived at different times after low-dose irradiation of female rats]. / Sostoianie potomstva pervogo pokoleniia, zachatogo v razlichnye sroki posle oblucheniia samok v malykh dozakh.

The relation between the antenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of the progeny and the degree of maturity of oocytes at the time of the whole single gamma-irradiation with doses of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 Gy was studied on 473 first pregnant Wistar rats and 1402 rats of the first generation. Ontogenesis disorders ot the progeny of these females after irradiation of the matured oocytes were more marked than after irradiation of the maturing oocytes. The distinction was noticeable after a dose of 0.25 Gy.

[The methodological aspects of experimental modelling and of assessing the hereditary sequelae of the irradiation of one and both parents]. / Nekotorye metodologicheskie aspekty éksperimental'nogo modelirovaniia i otsenki nasledstvennykh posledstvii oblucheniia odnogo i oboikh roditelei.

The paper summarises some methodological approaches which may be used in experimental modelling and study of hereditary radiation effects in mammals. These approaches are aimed to the elucidation of the possible specific character (aggravation) of radiation damage in the offspring determined by the participation of two exposed parents in conception. The main attention is drawn to the dependence of hereditary radiation effects yield on the stages of the cell cycle of the parent germ cells at the moment of exposure and to criteria of evaluation of radiation damage in the offspring during the ontogenetic development.

[The consequences for the first-generation progeny of Wistar rats of the irradiation of both parents with a background of mexamine use]. / Posledstviia dlia potomstva pervogo pokoleniia krys linii Vistar oblucheniia oboikh roditelei na fone primeneniia meksamina.

In experiments with Wistar rats it was shown that the efficiency of mexamine as radioprotector was substantially lower when sex cells of both parents (spermatozoids, spermatids, ovocytes) were irradiated with a dose of 2-4 Gy than after irradiation one parent only. It may be associated with the aggravation of effects in the posterity being conceived from gametes of both exposed parents.

[The postnatal development of the progeny of males whose germ cells were irradiated at different stages of spermatogenesis]. / Postnatal'noe razvitie potomstva samtsov, polovye kletki kotorykh oblucheny na raznykh stadiiakh spermatogeneza.

Distinct genetic radiosensitivity of germinal cells of males irradiated during different stages of spermatogenesis with doses of 0.25-5.0 Gy leads to reduction in vital newborn rats number in the first generation progeny and to elevated postnatal mortality rate. These postnatal ontogeny disorders depend on the irradiation dose and spermatogenesis stage for a moment irradiation.

[Radiation effects in ontogenesis of the progeny of one or both irradiated parents]. / Luchevye éffekty v ontogeneze potomstva odnogo ili oboikh obluchennykh roditelei.

The purpose of the investigation is the study and comparative analysis of radiation effects observed in antenatal and early postnatal ontogenesis of first generation progeny when one or both parents have been irradiated in doses 2, 3, 4 Gy. It was shown that the effects for the posterity of both exposed parents were attributed mainly to a female if mature oocytes were exposed to radiation, or to a male if maturing oocytes were exposed. If both parents have been irradiated at the spermatid, spermatozoid or mature oocyte stages and got 4 Gy aggravated effects in progeny are observed. It is may be related to synergistic mechanism of realization of this phenomenon.

[Features of ontogenesis of the progeny of both irradiated parents]. / Osobennosti ontogeneza potomstva oboikh obluchennykh roditelei.

Acute gamma-irradiation with a dose of 4 Gy of germinal cells of both parents in postmeiotic stages of gametogenesis results in increase of ineffective copulation rate. Antenatal and postnatal ontogenesis of first generation progeny shows worse consequences as compared with only one parent germinal cell irradiation.

[Consequences for the intrauterine development of the offspring of the irradiation of male germinal cells at different stages of spermatogenesis]. / Posledstviia dlia vnutriutrobnogo razvitiia potomstva oblucheniia polovykh kletok samtsov na raznykh stadiiakh spermatogeneza.

Single whole-body exposure of adult male rats Wistar in different stages of spermatogenesis to gamma-rays (doses from 0.25 to 5.00 Gy) resulted in violations of antenatal development of the first generation offsprings. The pronouncement of these violations depends on the spermatogenesis stage in the moment of irradiation and exposure dose.

[Neuro-autonomic mechanisms of the maintenance of blood oxygen balance in patients exposed to the effect of a gaseous hypoxic mixture]. / Neirovegetativnye mekhanizmy podderzhaniia kislorodnogo balansa krovi u bol'nykh pri vozdeistvii gazovoi gipoksicheskoi smesi.

The authors discuss the mechanisms of compensatory reactions of the human vegetative nervous system, its central and peripheral parts, in breathing a gaseous hypoxic mixture. Five types of neurovegetative reactions of the organism aimed at maintaining the oxygen balance in blood were distinguished. The interrelationship of values reflecting the activity of the central and peripheral parts of the vegetative nervous system in exposure to emergency effects is discussed.

[The effect of normobaric hypoxia on the functioning of links in the endocrine system]. / Vliianie normobaricheskoi gipoksii na funktsional'noe sostoianie nekotorykh zven'ev éndokrinnoi sistemy.

The paper is concerned with the data on change in the blood level of ACTH, STH, TSH, cortisol, T3, insulin, C-peptide during a 25-minute session of respiration using a gaseous hypoxic mixture with 10% oxygen (GHM-10). The investigation was performed in 23 healthy volunteers. Change in the hormonal status, characteristic of a moderate stress-reaction, was observed in 60% of the examinees. It was found out that during a GHM-10 session a degree of change in function of the studied factors of the endocrine system showed correlation with change in the activity of the autonomic nervous system.

[Late sequelae of gamma irradiation of rat ovaries during embryonic development]. / Otdalennye posledstviia gamma-oblucheniia iaichnikov krys v protsesse émbrional'nogo razvitiia.

From abnormalities in the first pregnancy, antenatal and postnatal development of the Wistar rat offspring subjected to a single whole-body gamma irradiation (0.5-1.5 Gy) during embryogenesis, it was inferred that ovaries were most radiosensitive on days 10-16 of the antenatal ontogeny with regard to the remote effects of irradiation.

[Relation of postradiation superovulation to the development of embryos and progeny of Wistar rats]. / Sviaz' postluchevoi superovuliatsii s razvitiem zarodyshei i potomstva u krys Vistar.

In experiments with 470 primigravida Wistar rats and 2248 kid rats of the first generation a study was made of the relationship between the postirradiation superovulation and viability of embryos and offspring of females subjected to whole-body gamma-irradiation with doses of 1 to 4 Gy. The extent and durability of superovulation are a function of radiation dose while the superovulation itself is accompanied by an increased pre- or post-implantation death of embryos and a decreased postnatal survival of the offspring.