ABSTRACT
AIM: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that propofol, ketamine, and midazolam could alter the contractile activity of detrusor smooth muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four detrusor muscle strips isolated from each rat bladder (n = 12) were placed in 4 tissue baths containing Krebs-Henseleit solution. The carbachol (10 (-8)to 10(-4)mol/L)-induced contractile responses as well as 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Hz electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked contractile responses of the detrusor muscles were recorded using isometric contraction measurements. After obtaining basal responses, the in vitro effects of propofol, ketamine, midazolam (10(-5) to 10(-3) mol/L), and saline on the contractile responses of the detrusor muscle strips were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: All the 3 drugs reduced the carbachol-induced and/or EFS-evoked contractile responses of rat detrusor smooth muscles in different degrees. Midazolam (10(-4) to 10(-3) mol/L) caused a significant decrease in the contractile responses elicited by either EFS or carbachol (P=0.000-0.013). Propofol (10(-3)mol/L) caused a decrease only in EFS-evoked contractile responses (P=0.001-0.004) and ketamine (10(-3)mol/L) caused a decrease only in carbachol-induced contractile responses (P=0.001-0.034). CONCLUSION: We evaluated the effects of the 3 different intravenous anesthetics on detrusor contractile responses in vitro and found that there are possible interactions between anesthetic agents and detrusor contractile activity. The depressant effects of midazolam on the contractile activity were found to be more significant than ketamine and propofol. Despite the necessity of further studies, it could be a piece of wise advice to clinicians to keep the probable alterations due to intravenous anesthetics in mind, while evaluating the results of urodynamic studies in children under sedation.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To investigate the possible effects of repeated sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia on hepatocellular system by evaluating the free radical metabolism, hepatocellular enzymes and histopatholgical changes in rats. METHODS: Four groups of animals were studied. Sevoflurane 2% (v/v) and desflurane 6% (v/v) in air/O2 were administered to animals in group II (n=9) and III (n=9) respectively. 100% (v/v) O(2) was administered in group IV (n=9). Administration was done for 60 minutes over 3 days. Nine animals were allocated to control group (group I), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were studied. Also electron microscopy was performed. RESULTS: Catalase, SOD, GSH-Px, GST activities and TBARS levels were significantly higher in groups II and III than in group I (p<0.05). All parameters were significantly higher in groups II versus group IV (p<0.05). On the other hand, SOD, GSH-Px and GST activities were significantly elevated in group III than IV, but CAT activity and TBARS levels were not significantly. Catalase, SOD, GSH-Px, GST but not TBARS levels were significantly higher in groups II and III than in group IV (p<0.05). TBARS levels were higher in group III than in group IV, but this elevation was not statistically significant. CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly higher in groups II than in group III (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although electron microscopy findings were similar for group II and III, we can conclude that sevoflurane might cause more cellular damage than desflurane by causing higher activation of free radical metabolising enzymes.
