[Effect and mechanism of Gusong Qianggu Decoction on reducing bone loss in ovariectomized mice by targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of osteocytes].

This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of Gusong Qianggu Decoction(GSQG) in attenuating bone loss in ovariectomized mice by targeting the endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-induced apoptosis of osteocytes. After the modeling of osteoporosis in mice with bilateral ovary removal(OVX), 60 mice were randomized by the random number method into six groups: sham,model, low-, medium-, and high-dose GSQG(GSQG-L, GSQG-M, and GSQG-H, respectively), and estradiol(E_2), with 10 mice in each group. The mice in each group were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage one month after surgery and the administration lasted for 3 months. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed to determine the serum levels of osteocalcin(OCN), procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide(PINP), carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen(CTX),and anti-tartarte acid phosphatase 5b(TRAcP-5b). Micro-CT was employed to observe the changes in bone microstructure of the distal femur. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was employed to observe the morphology of the bone tissue. RT-qPCR was conducted to determine the m RNA levels of tibial stem osteogenesis-associated genes [type Ⅰ collagen(Col-Ⅰ), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), Runtrelated transcription factor-2(Runx2), bone sialoprotein(BSP), and OCN] and bone-breaking related genes [tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP), nuclear factor-activated T cell 1(NFATc1), and cathepsin K(CATK)]. TUNEL staining and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect the apoptosis of osteoblasts. Western blot was employed to measure the expression of ERS-related proteins glucose-regulated protein 78( Grp78), protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase( PERK), phosphorylated PERK(p-PERK),eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha(eIF2α), phosphorylated e IF2α(p-eIF2α), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha(IRE1α), phosphorylated IRE1α(p-IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6(ATF6) in the proximal tibial bone tissue. The results showed that GSQG significantly recovered the levels of OCN, PINP, TRAc P-5b, and CTX in the serum of ovariectomized mice, and Micro-CT showed that GSQG improved the bone microstructure of distal femur in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the model group, GSQG widened and increased the bone trabeculae, restored the reticular structure with neat arrangement and enlarged interstitial gaps, and reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells(P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Furthermore, GSQG down-regulated the expression levels of cysteine aspartate protease-3( caspase-3) and factor Bcl-2-associated X protein( Bax)(P< 0. 05,P<0. 01) and up-regulated the expression level of Bcl-2(P<0. 05, P<0. 01). The GSQG groups showed up-regulated m RNA levels of Col-Ⅰ, ALP, Runx2, BSP, and OCN(P< 0. 01) and down-regulated m RNA levels of TRAP, NFATc1, and CATK(P< 0. 05,P<0. 01). In addition, GSQG, especially GSQG-H, down-regulated the protein levels of Grp78, p-PERK, p-eIF2, p-IRE1α, and ATF6(P< 0. 05, P< 0. 01). In conclusion, GSQG can inhibit the apoptosis of osteocytes by inhibiting the Grp78/PERK/e IF2α/IRE1α/ATF6 signaling pathway in the proximal tibia tissue, thus reducing bone loss in ovariectomized mice.

Investigating the Effects and Mechanisms of Cyclomorusin on Osteoclasts in a High Glucose Environment.

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia. Prolonged high blood sugar levels interfere with the differentiation and maturation process of OBs and OCs, leading to the onset of osteoporosis. However, OCs differentiation and maturation is a complex regulatory process. In this study, we used a co-culture system of RAW264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells under HG concentration to explore the effect of CYM on OCs in a HG environment. The effects of CYM on the formation and function of OCs were observed using TRAP-positive cell counts and bone resorption pits. Then, mRNA and protein expression levels of OCs-related genes were detected by real-time qPCR and western blotting. The results showed that CYM had an inhibitory effect on OCs differentiation and bone resorption, reduced mRNAs expression of OCs-associated genes, and downregulated RANKL/RANK/TRAF6 pathway that mediates OCs differentiation. CYM could be a promising natural compound against diabetic osteoporosis.

Synthesis and evaluation of nitrogen-containing derivatives of 3,11-dioxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid against HIV-1 protease.

Thirteen nitrogen-containing derivatives of 3,11-dioxo-olean-12-en-30-oic acid were synthesised by introducing various amino acids and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups at the 30-carboxyl group, starting from 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid. Among the 13 derivatives, 10 exhibited inhibitory activity against HIV-1 PR, with IC50 values ranging from 0.19 to 0.94 mM. Notably, derivatives 2, 3 and 5 displayed relatively moderate inhibitory activity, with IC50 values below 0.24 mM. Molecular docking studies provided further insights into the interaction between derivatives (2, 3 and 5) and the active sites of HIV-1 PR. The results revealed favourable hydrophobic-hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions, with docking scores ranging from -6.22 to -7.00 and glide emodel values from -62.9 to -48.6 (kcal/mol). These findings underscore the potential of derivatives 2, 3 and 5 as promising candidates for the development of HIV-1 PR inhibitors.

Electroacupuncture prevents the development or establishment of chronic pain via IL-33/ST2 signaling in hyperalgesic priming model rats.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain is acomplexhealth issue. Compared to acute pain, which has a protective value, chronic pain is defined as persistent pain after tissue injury. Few clinical advances have been made to prevent the transition from acute to chronic pain. Electroacupuncture (EA), the most common form of acupuncture, is widely used in clinical practice to relieve pain. METHODS: The hyperalgesic priming model, established via a carrageenan injection followed by a prostaglandin E2 injection, was used to investigate the development or establishment of chronic pain. We observed the hyperalgesic effect of EA on rats and investigated the expression p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, interleukin-33 (IL-33), and its receptor ST2 in astrocytes in the L4-L6 spinal cord dorsal horns (SDHs) after EA. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway in SDH is associated with the development of chronic pain. RESULTS: EA can reverse the pain threshold in hyperalgesic priming model rats and regulates the expression of phosphorylated p38, IL-33, and ST2 in astrocytes in the L4-L6 SDHs. We discovered that EA raises the pain threshold. This suggests that EA can prevent the development or establishment of chronic pain by inhibiting IL-33/ST2 signaling in the lower central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: EA can alleviate the development or establishment of chronic pain by modulating IL-33/ST2 signaling in SDHs. Our findings will help clinicians understand the mechanisms of EA analgesia.

Synthesis and Antiviral and Antitumor Activities of Novel 18ß-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives.

A series of novel derivatives of 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) were synthesized by introducing aromatic or heterocyclic structures to extend the side chain, thereby enhancing their interaction with amino acid residues in the active pocket of the target protein. These compounds were structurally characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The compounds were subsequently evaluated for their inhibitory effects on HIV-1 protease and cell viability in the human cancer cell lines K562 and HeLa and the mouse cancer cell line CT26. Towards HIV-1 protease, compounds 28 and 32, which featured the introduction of heterocyclic moieties at the C3 position of GA, exhibited the highest inhibition, with inhibition rates of 76% and 70.5%, respectively, at 1 mg/mL concentration. Further molecular docking suggests that a 3-substituted polar moiety would be likely to enhance the inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease. As for the anti-proliferative activities of the GA derivatives, incorporation of a thiazole heterocycle at the C3- position in compound 29 significantly enhanced the effect against K562 cells with an IC50 value of 8.86 ± 0.93 µM. The introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents on the C3-substituted phenyl ring augmented the anti-proliferative activity against Hela and CT26 cells. Compound 13 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Hela cells with an IC50 value of 9.89 ± 0.86 µM, whereas compound 7 exerted the strongest inhibition against CT26 cells with an IC50 value of 4.54 ± 0.37 µM. These findings suggest that further modification of GA is a promising path for developing potent novel anti-HIV and anticancer therapeutics.

Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells.

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have multidirectional differentiation potential and self-renewal abilities and are important seed cells for the regenerative repair of periodontal tissues. In recent years, many studies have identified multiple signalling pathways involved in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in an inflammatory environment. In this article, we review the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in an inflammatory environment in terms of signalling pathways and provide new ideas for the regenerative treatment of periodontal tissues.

Antiviral activity and active components of the leaves from Sabia parviflora Wall. ex Roxb.

Sabia parviflora (SP, "xiao hua qing feng teng" in Chinese) was recorded as an important ethnic medicine to be used for treating viral hepatitis. The antiviral activity of four SP extracts and potent antiviral compounds evaluated with cathepsin L protease (Cat L PR) and HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR). UPLC-HRMS was used for identifying the bioactive components. In addition, the possible inhibitory mechanism of the identified compounds on viral protease was further discussed by molecular docking. As a result, four extracts of SP exhibited inhibitory activity of HIV-1 PR and Cat L PR with IC50 range from 0.015 to 0.80 mg/mL. Meanwhile, six compounds inhibited HIV-1 PR with IC50 range from 0.032 to 0.80 mg/mL. Moreover, procyanidin B2 had good affinity for HIV-1 PR and CatL PR protein, respectively. These findings suggest S. parviflora leaves can be used for treating HIV and procyanidin B2 may play a role in antiviral protease.

Identification of Flavonoids from Scutellaria barbata D. Don as Inhibitors of HIV-1 and Cathepsin L Proteases and Their Structure-Activity Relationships.

Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SB, Chinese: Ban Zhi Lian), a well-known medicinal plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, is rich in flavonoids. It possesses antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory activities of SB extracts and its active components against HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR) and SARS-CoV2 viral cathepsin L protease (Cat L PR). UPLC/HRMS was used to identify and quantify the major active flavonoids in different SB extracts, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays were used to determine HIV-1 PR and Cat L PR inhibitions and identify structure-activity relationships. Molecular docking was also performed, to explore the diversification in bonding patterns of the active flavonoids upon binding to the two PRs. Three SB extracts (SBW, SB30, and SB60) and nine flavonoids inhibited HIV-1 PR with an IC50 range from 0.006 to 0.83 mg/mL. Six of the flavonoids showed 10~37.6% inhibition of Cat L PR at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. The results showed that the introduction of the 4'-hydroxyl and 6-hydroxyl/methoxy groups was essential in the 5,6,7-trihydroxyl and 5,7,4'-trihydroxyl flavones, respectively, to enhance their dual anti-PR activities. Hence, the 5,6,7,4'-tetrahydroxyl flavone scutellarein (HIV-1 PR, IC50 = 0.068 mg/mL; Cat L PR, IC50 = 0.43 mg/mL) may serve as a lead compound to develop more effective dual protease inhibitors. The 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyl flavone luteolin also showed a potent and selective inhibition of HIV-1 PR (IC50 = 0.039 mg/mL).

Toward 3D Face Reconstruction in Perspective Projection: Estimating 6DoF Face Pose From Monocular Image.

In 3D face reconstruction, orthogonal projection has been widely employed to substitute perspective projection to simplify the fitting process. This approximation performs well when the distance between camera and face is far enough. However, in some scenarios that the face is very close to camera or moving along the camera axis, the methods suffer from the inaccurate reconstruction and unstable temporal fitting due to the distortion under the perspective projection. In this paper, we aim to address the problem of single-image 3D face reconstruction under perspective projection. Specifically, a deep neural network, Perspective Network (PerspNet), is proposed to simultaneously reconstruct 3D face shape in canonical space and learn the correspondence between 2D pixels and 3D points, by which the 6DoF (6 Degrees of Freedom) face pose can be estimated to represent perspective projection. Besides, we contribute a large ARKitFace dataset to enable the training and evaluation of 3D face reconstruction solutions under the scenarios of perspective projection, which has 902,724 2D facial images with ground-truth 3D face mesh and annotated 6DoF pose parameters. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms current state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin. The code and data are available at https://github.com/cbsropenproject/6dof_face.

Novel ester tethered dihydroartemisinin-3-(oxime/thiosemicarbazide)isatin hybrids as potential anti-breast cancer agents: Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxicity and structure-activity relationship.

A series of ester tethered dihydroartemisinin-3-(oxime/thiosemicarbazide)isatin hybrids 7a-p were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their antiproliferative activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7/ADR, and MDA-MB-231/ADR breast cancer cell lines. Among them, hybrids 7a,f (IC50 : 1.33-3.84 µM) showed potent activity against triple-negative (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/ADR) breast cancer cell lines, and hybrid 7f (IC50 : 3.90 and 10.18 µM) also demonstrated promising activity against estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR), and the activity was superior to these of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, and ADR, revealing their potential to fight against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant breast cancers. The enriched structure-activity relationships may facilitate further design of more active candidates.

Fischer's base-triggered formal (3+2) cycloadditions with 3-isothiocyanato oxindoles as acceptor-donor synthons.

Herein, previously unreported Fischer's base reactants serving as useful 2C building blocks in (3+2) cycloaddition reactions to build a library of bispiro[Fischer's base-oxindole] hybrids are described. These structurally intriguing products containing three adjacent quaternary stereocentres were smoothly afforded in up to 82% yield and >20 : 1 dr under catalyst-free conditions. Notably, the present protocol firstly employs 3-isothiocyanato oxindole serving as an acceptor and then as a donor in the formal (3+2) cycloadditions, allowing practical, straightforward access to structurally diverse cycloadducts. This work expands the applicability scope of 3-isothiocyanato oxindoles, which have been limited to behaving as donor/acceptor-based synthons in cycloadditions in previous work.

Design, synthesis, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of novel dihydroartemisinin-isatin hybrids tethered via different length of esters as potential anti-breast cancer agents.

In the present work, we reported the design, synthesis, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of novel dihydroartemisinin-isatin hybrids tethered via different length of esters against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7/ADR and MDA-MB-231/ADR breast cancer cell lines. The preliminary results showed that the majority of the hybrids exhibited good anti-breast cancer cell activity. In particular, hybrids 7 g and 7n not only were more potent than ART, DHA and ADR against the four tested breast cancer cell lines, but also were non-toxic towards normal MCF-10A breast cells. The selectivity index values of hybrids 7 g and 7n were > 12.83 and > 25.97 respectively, revealing their excellent safety and selectivity profiles. The drug-resistant index values of hybrids 7 g and 7n were in a range of 0.33 to 1.12, implying that these hybrids had the potential to overcome drug resistance. Accordingly, hybrids 7 g and 7n could be considered as potential lead molecules for the development of novel anti-breast cancer agents with minimal untoward events to normal human cells. The structure-activity relationships indicated that the length of ester likner between DHA and isatin as well as substituents at C-3 and C-5 positions of isatin moiety had great impact on the activity.

Synthesis and Activity Evaluation of Vinpocetine-Derived Indole Alkaloids.

This study focuses on the synthesis of novel vinpocetine derivatives (2-25) and their biological evaluation. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were fully characterized using techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds on PDE1A was evaluated, and the results revealed that compounds 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 21, and 25 exhibited superior inhibitory activity compared to vinpocetine. Compound 4, with a para-methylphenyl substitution, showed a 5-fold improvement in inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 3.53 ± 0.25 µM. Additionally, compound 25, with 3-chlorothiazole substitution, displayed an 8-fold increase in inhibitory activity compared to vinpocetine (IC50 = 2.08 ± 0.16 µM). Molecular docking studies were conducted to understand the binding models of compounds 4 and 25 within the active site of PDE1A. The molecular docking study revealed additional binding interactions, such as π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding, contributing to the enhanced inhibitory activity and stability of the ligand-protein complexes. Overall, the synthesized vinpocetine derivatives demonstrated promising inhibitory activity on PDE1A, and the molecular docking studies provided insights into their binding modes, supporting further development of these compounds as potential candidates for drug research and development.

Dual Inhibition of HIV-1 and Cathepsin L Proteases by Sarcandra glabra.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impose a huge threat on human health due to rapid viral mutations. Thus, it is imperative to develop more potent antivirals with both prophylactic and treatment functions. In this study, we screened for potential antiviral compounds from Sarcandra glabra (SG) against Cathepsin L and HIV-1 proteases. A FRET assay was applied to investigate the inhibitory effects and UPLC-HRMS was employed to identify and quantify the bioactive components. Furthermore, molecular docking was carried out to get a glimpse of the binding of active compounds to the proteases. Our results showed that the SG extracts (SGW, SG30, SG60, and SG85) inhibited HIV-1 protease with an IC50 of 0.003~0.07 mg/mL and Cathepsin L protease with an IC50 of 0.11~0.26 mg/mL. Fourteen compounds were identified along with eight quantified from the SG extracts. Chlorogenic acid, which presented in high content in the extracts (12.7~15.76 µg/mg), possessed the most potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease (IC50 = 0.026 mg/mL) and Cathepsin L protease (inhibition: 40.8% at 0.01 mg/mL). Thus, SG extracts and the active ingredients could potentially be used to prevent/treat viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, due to their dual-inhibition functions against viral proteases.

Catalytic asymmetric Michael/cyclization reaction of 3-isothiocyanato thiobutyrolactone: an approach to the construction of a library of bispiro[pyrazolone-thiobutyrolactone] skeletons.

Here, we demonstrate the first example of 3-isothiocyanato thiobutyrolactone serving as a useful building block in the Michael/cyclization reaction with alkylidene pyrazolones for the enantioselective construction of optically active structural bispiro[pyrazolone-thiobutyrolactone] skeletons containing three contiguous stereocenters with two spiroquaternary stereocenters. These products were smoothly afforded in up to 90% yield, >20 : 1 dr and >99% ee with chiral squaramide as the catalyst under mild conditions. Notably, this is also the first example of the merger of a spirocyclic pyrazolone scaffold with a spirocyclic thiobutyrolactone scaffold, potentially useful in medicinal chemistry.

Multi-Moments in Time: Learning and Interpreting Models for Multi-Action Video Understanding.

Videos capture events that typically contain multiple sequential, and simultaneous, actions even in the span of only a few seconds. However, most large-scale datasets built to train models for action recognition in video only provide a single label per video. Consequently, models can be incorrectly penalized for classifying actions that exist in the videos but are not explicitly labeled and do not learn the full spectrum of information present in each video in training. Towards this goal, we present the Multi-Moments in Time dataset (M-MiT) which includes over two million action labels for over one million three second videos. This multi-label dataset introduces novel challenges on how to train and analyze models for multi-action detection. Here, we present baseline results for multi-action recognition using loss functions adapted for long tail multi-label learning, provide improved methods for visualizing and interpreting models trained for multi-label action detection and show the strength of transferring models trained on M-MiT to smaller datasets.

Paternalistic Leadership and Safety Participation of High-Speed Railway Drivers in China: The Mediating Role of Leader-Member Exchange.

This research aimed to examine the effects of paternalistic leadership on the safety participation of high-speed railway drivers. Survey data were collected from 601 drivers in major Chinese rail companies. Structural equation modeling was conducted to analyze the influence of paternalistic leadership on safety participation via leader-member exchange (LMX). The results indicated that moral leadership directly promotes safety participation. Besides, benevolent leadership was positively associated with safety participation. Also, LMX partially mediates the positive relationship between benevolent leadership, moral leadership, and safety participation. Therefore, paternalistic leadership promotes the safety participation of high-speed railway drivers.

Identification of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 and 2 (PARP1/2) as targets of andrographolide using an integrated chemical biology approach.

Here, we describe the identification of PARP1/2 as direct binding proteins of andrographolide (Andro) using protein microarray, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and enzyme activity assays. We then evaluated the proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and cell migration effects of Andro on the MDA-MB-436 cell line in vitro. The final biological evaluation confirmed that Andro was a highly effective single agent in the MDA-MB-436 xenograft model and had a low hERG-mediated cardiac toxicity. Therefore, Andro represents the first natural product, non-amide member of a novel nanomolar-potency PARP1/2 inhibitor family.

Construction of gem-Difluoroenol Esters through Catalytic O-Selective Addition of Difluoroenoxysilanes to Ketenes.

The O-site reactivity of difluoroenoxysilanes is disclosed for the first time, which enabled the direct construction of versatile gem-difluoroalkenes through an unprecedented highly efficient addition reaction with ketenes. A series of valuable gem-difluoroenol esters were achieved in good to excellent yields. The synthetic versatility of this protocol is further demonstrated by the gram-scale synthesis and good functional group tolerance.

Effect of Dextrose Equivalent on Maltodextrin/Whey Protein Spray-Dried Powder Microcapsules and Dynamic Release of Loaded Flavor during Storage and Powder Rehydration.

The preparation of powdered microcapsules of flavor substances should not only protect these substances from volatilization during storage but also improve their diffusion during use. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maltodextrin (MD) with different dextrose equivalent (DE) values on retention of flavor substances during storage, and the dynamic release of flavor substances during dissolution. MDs with three different DE values and whey protein isolate were mixed in a ratio of 4:1 as wall materials to encapsulate ethyl acetate, and powdered microcapsules were prepared by spray drying. It was proved that MD could reduce the diffusion of flavor substances under different relative humidity conditions through the interaction between core material and wall material. During dissolution, MD released flavor substances quickly owing to its superior solubility. The reconstituted emulsion formed after the powder dissolved in water recaptured flavor substances and made the system reach equilibrium. This study explored the mechanism of flavor release during the storage and dissolution of powder microcapsules and should help us understand the application of powder microcapsules in food systems.