Elementary cellular automata realized by stateful three-memristor logic operations.

Cellular automata (CA) are computational systems that exhibit complex global behavior arising from simple local rules, making them a fascinating candidate for various research areas. However, challenges such as limited flexibility and efficiency on conventional hardware platforms still exist. In this study, we propose a memristor-based circuit for implementing elementary cellular automata (ECA) by extending the stateful three-memristor logic operations derived from material implication (IMP) logic gates. By leveraging the inherent physical properties of memristors, this approach offers simplicity, minimal operational steps, and high flexibility in implementing ECA rules by adjusting the circuit parameters. The mathematical principles governing circuit parameters are analyzed, and the evolution of multiple ECA rules is successfully demonstrated, showcasing the robustness in handling the stochastic nature of memristors. This approach provides a hardware solution for ECA implementation and opens up new research opportunities in the hardware implementation of CA.

Effects of Integrative Neuromuscular Training Combined With Regular Tennis Training Program on Sprint and Change of Direction of Children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of integrative neuromuscular training (NMT) on sprint and the ability to change direction for children who are between the ages of 7 and 8 and beginning to play tennis. METHODS: Thirty-two participants were randomized into a training group (TG; n = 16) and a control group (CG; n = 16). All participants attended tennis classes twice a week for a continuous 8 weeks. In addition, the TG received NMT (e.g., 20-m sprints, running at four corners, rope ladder drills, etc.), which progressed in difficulty every 2 weeks. Pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements, including a 30-m sprint test, a 5-10-5 test, and a 3 × 10 m shuttle run test, were assessed by a Smartspeed laser timing gate system, while the spider agility test was evaluated with a stopwatch. RESULTS: Two-way repeated measures ANOVA found significant differences in the interaction between time and group among variables measured. Results were as follows: time in the 30 m sprint (F = 13.467, 95% CI = 7.163-7.506, p = 0.001, η 2 p = 0.310, Δ = 0.42 s); 5-10-5 test (F = 13.975, 95% CI = 8.696-9.017, p = 0.001, η 2 p = 0.318, Δ = 0.78 s); 3 × 10 m shuttle run (F = 7.605, 95% CI = 11.213-11.642, p = 0.01, η 2 p = 0.202, Δ = 0.77 s); and spider agility test (F = 34.555, 95% CI = 28.258-29.670, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.535, Δ = 3.96 s). The results demonstrated a greater decrease in sprint and change of direction (COD) time among the TG than the CG from pre-intervention to post-intervention. CONCLUSION: A regular tennis training combined with NMT program could produce greater improvement in a player's sprint and ability to change direction when introduced to childhood tennis beginners in a sensitive period, compared to tennis class intervention only.