ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study explored the mechanisms by which gentiopicroside protects against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. METHODS: Male mice were randomly assigned to the control; CCl4; bifendate 100 mg/kg; or gentiopicroside 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg groups. Both vehicle and drugs were administered intragastrically for 7 days. Mice were administered CCl4 intraperitoneally 1 hour after the last drug dose. After 24 hours, we collected blood and liver samples for testing. RESULTS: Gentiopicroside significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities with corresponding reductions in hepatocyte denaturation and necrosis. Gentiopicroside enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and glutathione levels and reduced heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activity and malondialdehyde levels in the liver, and these effects were attributed to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Meanwhile, gentiopicroside significantly downregulated HO-1 and upregulated SOD and GSH-Px at the mRNA level in the liver. Furthermore, gentiopicroside significantly suppressed serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1ß secretion, which was associated with the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB). CONCLUSIONS: Gentiopicroside ameliorated CCl4-induced liver injury in mice via the PPAR-γ/Nrf2 and NF-κB/IκB pathways.
Subject(s)
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic , NF-kappa B , Mice , Male , Animals , NF-kappa B/metabolism , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , PPAR gamma/genetics , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic/metabolism , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic/pathology , Liver/pathology , Signal Transduction , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Oxidative StressABSTRACT
Aim: To clarify the role of polymorphisms rs4986790 and rs4986791 in TLR-4 with susceptibility to neonatal sepsis. Methods: To evaluate the possible correlation of polymorphisms rs4986790 and rs4986791 with sepsis risk, odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. The heterogeneity was evaluated by χ2-based Q-test. Results: For rs4986790, ORs were 1.36 (95% CI: 1.05-1.79, p = 0.017) and 1.84 (95% CI: 0.04-7.9, p = 0.410) under AG+GG versus AA and G vs A models, respectively. For rs4986791, ORs were 2.22 (95% CI: 1.25-3.94, p = 0.006) and 2.20 (95% CI: 1.26-3.85, p = 0.005) under CT+TT versus CC and of T versus C models, respectively. Conclusion: The rs4986790 and rs4986791 polymorphisms in TLR-4 could influence the sepsis susceptibility in neonates.
Subject(s)
Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Sepsis , Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Odds Ratio , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Sepsis/geneticsABSTRACT
A short-range, compact, real-time pulsed laser rangefinder is constructed based on pulsed time-of-flight (ToF) method. In order to reduce timing discrimination error and achieve high ranging accuracy, gray-value distance correction and temperature correction are proposed, and are realized with a field programmable gate array (FPGA) in a real-time application. The ranging performances-such as the maximum ranging distance, the range standard deviation, and the ranging accuracy-are theoretically calculated and experimentally studied. By means of these proposed correction methods, the verification experimental results show that the achievable effective ranging distance can be up to 8.08 m with a ranging accuracy of less than ±11 mm. The improved performance shows that the designed laser rangefinder can satisfy on-line ranging applications with high precision, fast ranging speed, small size, and low implementation cost, and thus has potential in the areas of robotics, manufacturing, and autonomous navigation.
ABSTRACT
An efficient method for C7-position-selective alkenylation of N-substituted indolines with alkenes is reported. Various 7-alkenylindolines were obtained in moderate to excellent yields in air in the presence of catalytic amounts of [Cp*IrCl2]2, AgOTf, and Cu(OAc)2. The protocol relies on the use of a carbonyl or carbamoyl group on the nitrogen atom of indoline as a directing group and is potentially applicable to the synthesis of 7-alkenylindoles and 7-alkylindoles.
Subject(s)
Alkenes/chemistry , Indoles/chemistry , Iridium/chemistry , Air , Catalysis , Molecular Structure , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
A cationic Ir(I) complex-catalyzed O-to-N-alkyl migration in 2-alkoxypyridines bearing a secondary alkyl group on the oxygen atom by C-O bond cleavage is described. The present transformation gave various N-alkylpyridones in moderate to good yields. The addition of sodium acetate played a key role in suppressing ß-hydrogen elimination.
Subject(s)
Iridium/chemistry , Pyridines/chemistry , Pyridones/chemical synthesis , Catalysis , Hydrogen/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Pyridones/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A cationic iridium-catalyzed C2-alkylation of N-substituted indole derivatives with various alkenes has been developed, which selectively gives linear or branched 2-alkylindoles in high to excellent selectivity. This protocol relies on the use of the carbonyl group on the nitrogen atom of indole as a directing group: a linear product was predominant when an acetyl group was used as a directing group, and a branched product was predominant with a benzoyl group.
Subject(s)
Alkenes/chemistry , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Iridium/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Alkylation , Catalysis , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
A cationic Ir(I)-C(3)-TUNEPHOS complex catalyzed an intermolecular hydroamination of styrene derivatives with various heteroaromatic amines. The reaction gave Markovnikov products with perfect regioselectivity and good enantioselectivity under solvent-free conditions.
Subject(s)
Alkenes/chemistry , Amines/chemistry , Iridium/chemistry , Amination , Aminopyridines/chemistry , Catalysis , Hydrogenation , Molecular Structure , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A cationic Ir(I)-tolBINAP complex catalyzed an enantioselective C-C bond formation initiated by secondary sp(3) C-H bond cleavage adjacent to a nitrogen atom. The reaction of 2-(alkylamino)pyridines with various alkenes gave chiral amines in good yields with high enantiomeric excesses.
Subject(s)
Alkenes/chemistry , Iridium/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Pyridines/chemistry , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Catalysis , Molecular Structure , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Azole derivatives were synthesized by iron-catalyzed oxidative reactions of azoles and ethers in good to excellent yields. A wide variety of azoles and ethers were selectively transformed into the corresponding oxidative coupling products under neutral reaction conditions.
Subject(s)
Azoles/chemistry , Iron/chemistry , Oxygen/chemistry , Alkylation , Catalysis , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
The reactions of indoles with ethers give a variety of symmetric and unsymmetric 1,1-bis-indolylmethane derivatives via iron-catalyzed C-H bond oxidation and C-O bond cleavage.
Subject(s)
Indoles/chemical synthesis , Iron/chemistry , Catalysis , Indoles/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Oxidation-Reduction , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A novel Pummerer-type reaction was developed via o-chloranil-mediated C-H bond oxidation. The reaction provides a simple and efficient method to construct sulfide derivatives. A Knoevenagel-type reaction was also achieved via multiple C-H bonds activation under neutral reaction conditions.
