[Small salivary glands in the paratonsillar space in children]. / Malye slyunnye zhelezy v paratonzillyarnom prostranstve u detei.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to study the changes in the small salivary glands in chronic tonsillitis and paratonsillar abscess in children. A histological examination of the palatine tonsils of 22 children aged 5 to 14 years old who had a paratonsillar abscess and 18 children suffering from chronic tonsillitis was carried out. Fragments of small salivary glands, located both superficially, in the mucous membrane between the stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium and the lymphoid tissue of the palatine tonsils, and between the muscles of the amygdala were found in 42 of the 80 (52.5%) tonsils studied. Along with the unchanged glandular structure, 26 (61.9%) samples revealed areas of destruction foci in small salivary glands with signs of inflammatory and compensatory regenerative activity. The presence of separate interlobular ducts of the salivary glands with pronounced periductal lymph - macrophage infiltration was noted. The subepithelial lymph-macrophage infiltrates found in the lamina propria are associated with the exit of the excretory ducts of the salivary glands to the surface of the mucous membrane. Many thin-walled veins are surrounded by perivascular lymphocellular infiltrates. The inflammatory and post-inflammatory changes in the small salivary glands revealed by us in children with chronic tonsillitis do not exclude their participation in the pathogenesis of paratonsillitis. At the same time, inflammation in the salivary gland can be both primary, as a result of its infection with live microorganisms from the tissues of the tonsil, and secondary, due to the compression of the excretory ducts by the edematous tissue of the tonsil in acute tonsillitis.

[The detection of the human papilloma virus during hyperplastic processes in the nose, ears and throat]. / Obnaruzhenie virusa papillomy cheloveka pri giperplasticheskikh protsessakh v LOR-organakh.

The objective of the present work was to carry out the virological and histological studies of various neoplastic and hyperplastic processes in the nose, ears, and throat with a view to identifying the presence of human papilloma virus and Epstein-Barr virus. The brush biopsies and remote neoplasms obtained from 18 patients (including 2 children and 16 adults) presenting with various ENT diseases and tumours were available for the virological investigation with the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a system MY09-MY11 degenerate primers . The histological study of biopsies and remote neoplasms was carried out by means of conventional light microscopy. The virological and histological studies conducted in parallel confirmed the diagnostic significance of morphological changes at the tissue and cellular levels caused by the human papilloma virus.

Expression of neuronal and signaling proteins in penumbra around a photothrombotic infarction core in rat cerebral cortex.

Photodynamic impact on animal cerebral cortex using water-soluble Bengal Rose as a photosensitizer, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier and remains in blood vessels, induces platelet aggregation, vessel occlusion, and brain tissue infarction. This reproduces ischemic stroke. Irreversible cell damage within the infarction core propagates to adjacent tissue and forms a transition zone - the penumbra. Tissue necrosis in the infarction core is too fast (minutes) to be prevented, but much slower penumbral injury (hours) can be limited. We studied the changes in morphology and protein expression profile in penumbra 1 h after local photothrombotic infarction induced by laser irradiation of the cerebral cortex after Bengal Rose administration. Morphological study using standard hematoxylin/eosin staining showed a 3-mm infarct core surrounded by 1.5-2.0 mm penumbra. Morphological changes in the penumbra were lesser and decreased towards its periphery. Antibody microarrays against 224 neuronal and signaling proteins were used for proteomic study. The observed upregulation of penumbra proteins involved in maintaining neurite integrity and guidance (NAV3, MAP1, CRMP2, PMP22); intercellular interactions (N-cadherin); synaptic transmission (glutamate decarboxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, Munc-18-1, Munc-18-3, and synphilin-1); mitochondria quality control and mitophagy (PINK1 and Parkin); ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and tissue clearance (UCHL1, PINK1, Parkin, synphilin-1); and signaling proteins (PKBα and ERK5) could be associated with tissue recovery. Downregulation of PKC, PKCß1/2, and TDP-43 could also reduce tissue injury. These changes in expression of some neuronal proteins were directed mainly to protection and tissue recovery in the penumbra. Some upregulated proteins might serve as markers of protection processes in a penumbra.

[Microbial contamination of penile tissues as a risk factor for complications in the treatment of hypospadia].

Biopsy of the skin, fascia and urethra was performed in 29 cases of urethroplasty for hypospadia in children and adults. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=14) with primary plastic urethra and group 2 (n=15) with secondary urethroplasty of hypospadia with complication. Tissue samples were examined microbiologically and morphologically. Focal infection of penile skin was found after iodopiron sterilization as well as contamination of the skin, fascia and urethra in all the patients of group 2. Nonclostridial anaerobes dominated among the bacteria. Microbiological investigations in groups 1 and 2 proved a great role of Bacteriodes fragilic in the development of penile tissue inflammation.

[Experimental sensorineural loss of hearing of ototoxic origin in animals: apoptotic mechanism of cell death in the spiral organ].

This morphological study was carried out using white rats with experimental sensorineural loss of hearing. A method for simulation of ototoxic loss of hearing in laboratory animals is proposed. Investigations with the use of light microscopy revealed elements of the apoptotic mechanism of cell death in the spiral organ of rats with sensorineural loss of hearing. It was shown that application of methods designed to influence the mechanisms involved in regulation of apoptosis in animals with experimental sensorineural loss of hearing either prevents or decreases the death of neuroepithelial and auxiliary cells of the spiral organ.

[Method of treatment of combined injuries of the liver and spleen in children].

Since 1980 operations for combined injuries of the liver and spleen have been made on 57 children aged from 5 through 16 years. Autografting of splenic tissue into the liver wound was performed in 17 (29.8%) patients using an original technique developed in experiments. The novelty of the suggested technique is that autografting of splenic tissue into the liver wound was followed by fixing the fragments with Pi-like stitches through the spleen transplant capsule. It ensures the impermeability of the liver wound, adequate hemostasis without applying artificial hemostatic materials and helps to avoid alloplastic materials for additional drainage of the subhepatic space, provides a direct physiological contact between the splenoid and liver tissue that is effective for prevention of hyposplenism following spleenectomy.

[Enzymatic activity of arterial vessels of the human kidney in the norm and various cardiovascular diseases]. / Fermentativnaia aktivnost' arterial'nykh sosudov pochek cheloveka v norme i pri nekotorykh zabolevaniiakh serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy.

The study was performed in 25 kidneys of people who died from mechanic asphyxia and craniocerebral trauma and in 56 of those who died from cardiovascular diseases (hypertensive disease, chronic ischemic heart disease and their combination) with the use of histochemic, morphometric and variational statistic methods. It was established that in cardiovascular diseases studied ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased in vessels mainly in juxtamedullary zone of the kidneys substantia alba. The enzymatic activity changes studied are obviously connected with the functional load increase at this zone of kidneys and the juxtaglomerular shunt reinforcement. This process can be regarded as the display of compensatory adaptive reactions morphochemical equivalent.

[The functional and morphological changes in the intestinal sphincter apparatus created by muscle flaps on a fixed vascular-neural pedicle]. / Funktsional'nye i morfologicheskie izmeneniia v zamykatel'nom apparate kishki, sozdannom myshechnymi loskutami na fiksirovannoi sosudisto-nervnoi nozhke.

Adaptive reaction to new conditions of functioning were studied morphofunctionally in an intestinal sphincteric apparatus formed by mm. gracilis, adductor longus, rectus femoris and semitendinosus in 100 experimental animals. It is established that reorganisation of vascular bed and muscular grafts mobilitive activity finishes up by 30th postoperative day and it is day 90 for morphological structures. Even at distant terms of the observation transplants preserve the structure of muscular tissue. Mm. gracilis and rectus femoris were established to be the preferable material in sphincteroplasties.

[A method for joining the ends of the resected urethra]. / Sposob soedineniia kontsov rezetsirovannoi uretry.

In spite of the fact that the operations after B. N. Khol'tsov, P. D. Solovov, and V. I. Rusakov have found a wide recognition and use, the rate of complications and poor results remains still high, reaching 3-29%. The authors consider that one of the reasons for poor outcomes in such operations is evolving urethral ischemia at the site of anastomosis, which is caused by compression of tissues with suturing material with the routine suturing of urethral ends through all its layers. The experiment with the male dogs and human cadavers provided evidence for this assumption. The mathematical calculation indicated that with the sutures applied, over 12-16% of the urethral tissue volume became ischemic at the site of anastomosis. A new technique was proposed to attach the ends of the resected urethra, which eliminates the suture of the urethral ends through all the layers. The essence of the technique is that after resection, the ends of the urethra are opposed and fixed with the outer layers without suturing the urethra via all the layers with 6 stitches. Twenty nine patients were operated on in this fashion. Twenty eight patients were discharged with recovered micturition. A relapse occurred in one patient with inflammatory urethral stricture. For 3 months to 3 years, 22 subjects were examined, another patient had a relapse 3 months following surgery. The two patients were reoperated, with a good effect. The remaining patients reported normal micturition and presented no complaints.

[Morphological changes in the nasal mucosa after diathermo-coagulation in chronic hypertrophic rhinitis]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia slizistoi obolochki nosa posle diatermokoaguliatsii pri khronicheskom gipertroficheskom rinite.

Morphological changes were investigated in 15 patients suffering from chronic hypertrophic rhinitis after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, and 120 days of treatment with high frequency current diathermocoagulation of concha nasalis. During treatment an area of coagulation necrosis was formed along the electrode passage which was replaced with sclerotic connective tissue by day 30. The tissue provided a stable reduction of the hypertrophic concha nasalis. The functional activity of its mucous membrane remained unaltered.