ABSTRACT
El presente artículo hace un repaso histórico por los marcos conceptuales sobre las lesiones por presión y otros tipos de heridas crónicas. En esta revisión se presentan 4 de los modelos más influyentes y representativos de las últimas décadas: a) el modelo conceptual de Braden-Bergstrom, que se desarrolló en 1987 como base teórica para el desarrollo de la escala de Braden y que identifica los factores etiológicos definidos, el aumento de la presión y la disminución de la tolerancia de los tejidos; b) el modelo teórico de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia, que analiza el principal marco teórico de estas lesiones crónicas, desde su origen en 2011, su difusión en 2014 y las últimas modificaciones realizadas en 2021, en las que ya se incluyen hasta 10 tipos de lesiones distintas; c) el modelo conceptual de la dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia, este modelo hace referencia a la más frecuente de todas las lesiones cutáneas asociadas a la humedad, la dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia, de la que se analizan sus dos grandes factores etiológicos, la sobrehidratación y el aumento del pH, y d) el modelo conceptual de las lesiones por compromiso vital grave, finalmente se analiza el último y más reciente de los modelos, el de las lesiones inevitables y que se dan en las personas cuya situación vital es extremadamente grave, e incluso son el anuncio de una muerte inminente, distinguiendo entre las lesiones por fracaso multiorgánico y las lesiones por vasoconstricción extrema (AU)
This article takes a historical review through the theoretical frameworks of pressure injuries and other chronic wounds. In this review, 4 of the most influential and representative models of the last decades are presented: a) the Braden-Bergstrom conceptual framework, developed in 1987 is presented as the theoretical basis for the development of the Braden scale and the defined etiological factors are identified: increased pressure and decreased tissue tolerance; b) the theoretical model of dependence-related skin lesions, the main theoretical model of these chronic lesions is also analyzed, from its origin in 2011, its dissemination in 2014 and the latest modifications made in 2021 in which up to ten different types of lesions are already included; c) the conceptual model of incontinence-associated dermatitis, this model analyzed refers to the most important of all moisture-associated skin lesions: incontinence-associated dermatitis, analyzing the two major etiological factors: overhydration and increased pH; and d) the conceptual model of severe life-threatening injuries, finally, the last and most recent model is analyzed, that of unavoidable injuries that occurin people whose life situation is extremely serious, and even heralds imminent death, distinguishing between multiorgan dysfunction syndrome skin injuries and skin injuries by extreme vasoconstriction (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Models, Theoretical , Pressure Ulcer/history , Pressure Ulcer/etiology , Wounds and Injuries/history , Wounds and Injuries/etiology , Chronic DiseaseABSTRACT
El presente artículo pretende desarrollar una propuesta marco sobre una asignatura sobre el cuidado de las personas con lesiones cutáneas en el grado de enfermería. Esta ha sido realizada por consenso de expertos, profesores con experiencia en el cuidado de heridas y fue sometida a modificaciones en el marco del Segundo Encuentro Iberolatinoamericano de Facultades y Escuelas Universitarias con Programas Formativos en Heridas. Con ello se presenta una propuesta de competencias sobre el cuidado de las personas con lesiones cutáneas para la enfermera graduada, así como la propuesta curricular, con su estructura pedagógica basada en unidades didácticas y la propuesta de carga docente y ubicación de la asignatura de cuidados de las personas con lesiones cutáneas en el grado en enfermería. Finalmente se presentan documentos de apoyo al profesorado y estudiantado para la creación de la asignatura de cuidados de las personas con lesiones cutáneas para el grado en enfermería (AU)
This article aims to develop a framework proposal for a course on the care of people with skin lesions in the nursing degree. It has been developed by consensus of experts, professors with experience in wound care and was subject to modifications in the framework of the Segundo Encuentro Iberolatinoamericano de Facultades y Escuelas Universitarias con Programas Formativos en Heridas. This includes a proposal of competencies on the care of people with skin lesions for the graduate nurse, as well as the Curricular proposal, with its pedagogical structure based on didactic units and the proposed teaching load and location of the subject of care for people with skin lesions in the nursing degree. Finally, support documents are presented for the teaching staff and students for the creation of the subject of care of people with skin lesions for the degree in nursing (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Geriatric Nursing/education , Skin Diseases/nursing , Curriculum , Education, NursingABSTRACT
A new theoretical framework on the development of pressure ulcers and other dependence-related lesions requires continued in-depth analysis of their conceptual bases. This study reports the historical background, definitions, and production mechanisms of these lesions, describing the differential pathognomonic features of pressure and/or shear ulcers, moisture-associated skin damage, and lesions from rubbing or friction. It also discusses the combined/multifactorial lesions that can be found in the clinical setting. Finally, it presents the new classification of these lesions proposed by the Spanish Pressure Ulcers and Chronic Wounds Advisory Panel.
Subject(s)
Practice Guidelines as Topic , Pressure Ulcer/classification , Pressure Ulcer/diagnosis , Wound Healing , Advisory Committees , Humans , Observer Variation , SpainABSTRACT
Enteral nutrition through a nasogastric tube is a technique often used with hospitalized patients when they present problems with oral nutrition. Patients receiving enteral nutrition show several kinds of complications such as diarrhoea, vomiting, constipation, lung aspiration, tube dislodgement, tube clogging, hyperglycaemia and electrolytic alterations. We present a prospective and observational study carried out in an Internal Medicine Unit with 64 patients who were fed by a nasogastric tube. From the results it can be seen that older people represented a majority (the average age was 76.2 years), and difficulty in swallowing was the main reason for beginning enteral nutrition. The complications which appeared were: tube dislodgement (48.5%); electrolytic alterations (45.5%); hyperglycaemia (34.5%); diarrhoea (32.8%); constipation (29.7%); vomiting (20.4%); tube clogging (12.5%); and lung aspiration (3.1%). We discuss the possible relationship between the different factors associated with the enteral nutrition procedure and the occurrence of these complications. Finally, some nursing interventions are suggested, such as: checking the gastric residue periodically; attempting to place the tube in the duodenum in unconscious patients; and the use of protective mittens in disturbed patients.
