Rice-based integrated farming system improves the soil quality, bacterial community structure and system productivity under sub-humid tropical condition.

Rice-based integrated farming system improves the productivity and profitability by recycling resources efficiently. In the sub-humid tropics, rice production without sufficient nutrient replenishment often leads to soil health and fertility degradation. There has been very limited research on soil health and fertility after adopting a multi-enterprising rice-based integrated farming system (IFS), notably in the rice-fish-livestock and agroforestry system, when compared to a conventional farming system (CS). Therefore, the present study analyzed the dynamics of soil properties, soil bacterial community structure and their possible interaction mechanisms, as well as their effect on regulating soil quality and production in IFS, IFSw (water stagnant area of IFS) and CS. The results indicated that soil nutrient dynamics, bacterial diversity indices (Shannon index, Simpson index, Chao 1, ACE and Fisher index) and system productivity were higher in IFSw and IFS compared to CS. Moreover, relative operational taxonomic units of dominant bacterial genera (Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria, Crenarchaeota and Gemmatimonadetes) were also higher in IFSw and IFS compared to CS. Mean soil quality index (SQI) was highest in IFSw (0.780 ± 0.201) followed by IFS (0.770 ± 0.080) and CS (0.595 ± 0.244). Moreover, rice equivalent yields (REY) and rice yields were well correlated with the higher levels of soil biological indices (SQIBiol) in IFS. Overall, our results revealed that rice-based IFS improved the soil health and fertility and ensuing crop productivity through positive interaction with soil bacterial communities and nutrient stoichiometry leading to agroecosystem sustainability.

Modeling information diffusion in online social networks using a modified forest-fire model.

Information dissemination has changed rapidly in recent years with the emergence of social media which provides online platforms for people worldwide to share their thoughts, activities, emotions, and build social relationships. Hence, modeling information diffusion has become an important area of research in the field of network analysis. It involves the mathematical modeling of the movement of information and study the information spread pattern. In this paper, we attempt to model information propagation in online social networks using a nature-inspired approach based on a modified forest-fire model. A slight spark can start a wildfire in a forest, and the spread of this fire depends on vegetation, weather, and topography, which may act as fuel. On similar lines, we labeled users who haven't joined the network yet as E m p t y, existing users as T r e e, and information as F i r e. The spread of information across online social networks depends upon users-followers relationships, the significance of the topic, and other such features. We introduce a novel B u r n t state to the traditional forest-fire model to represent non-spreaders in the network. We validate our method on six real-world data-sets extracted from Twitter and conclude that the proposed model performs reasonably well in predicting information diffusion.

Inter-relationship between intercepted radiation and rice yield influenced by transplanting time, method, and variety.

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is one of the most important environmental factors that determine the productivity and grain quality of the crops. Continuous rainy days or cloudy weather throughout crop growth especially at critical stages often resulted in great loss of grain quality and yield in rice. Low light stress has rigorously constrained the rice production in various rice-growing regions, especially in Southeast Asia. Method and time of planting are the major management factors contributing to the higher yield potential of rice by influencing light harvesting and use efficiency. Present study was executed consecutively for 5 years (kharif seasons of 2012-2016) to determine whether planting time improves the radiation absorption and use efficiency in different duration rice cultivars. We evaluated the difference in plant growth and development leading to yield formation under different planting time which related to radiation incidence and interception. The results of the study revealed that PAR interception depends on morphological characters of cultivars and also with agronomic management such as transplanting time and method. Long duration cultivar intercepted more PAR but interception decreased due to late planting (3rd week of July), whereas short duration cultivars (Naveen) when planted earlier (1st week of June) could not effectively utilize intercepted PAR constraining the biomass accumulation and yield formation. Effect of planting density and crop architecture on PAR absorption was apparent among establishment methods as light interception at crop canopy was highest in the system of rice intensification and lowest in that of wet direct seeding. In general, Pooja as a long duration cultivar intercepted more PAR per day but when compared on same date of planting, the comparative absorption of radiation was 30.6% higher in Naveen. The lower yields in the wet season are attributed mostly to reduction in grain number per panicle or per unit land area, which is a consequence of high spikelet sterility. Grain yield of rice planted in July third week was reduced by 3.8, 12.3, and 6.9% over June first and third week and July first week, respectively, mainly due to spikelet sterility (26%) and lower grains per panicle (18%). Our results indicated that agronomic management like optimum time of sowing, cultivar duration, and establishment methods should be followed for yield improvement in tropical lowlands where light intensity is limiting due to prevailing weather situations.

VASCULAR STENOSIS DETECTION USING TEMPORAL-SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES IN CORRELATED ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS.

Central venous stenosis is often undiagnosed in patients with hemodialysis vascular access, partly due to imaging difficulties. Noninvasive, point-of-care detection could rely on detecting regions of turbulent blood flow caused by blood velocity changes. Here we present flexible microphone arrays for time-correlated measures of blood flow sounds and a new signal processing approach to calculate time correlation between spectral features. Continuous wavelet transform was used to produce an auditory spectral flux analytic signal, which was thresholded to identify systolic start and end phases. Microphone arrays were tested on pulsatile flow phantoms with blood flow rates of 850-1,200 mL/min and simulated stenosis from 10-85%. Measured results showed an inversion in the time onset of systolic spectral content for sites proximal and distal to stenosis for hemodynamically significant stenoses (+22 ms for stenosis<50% and -20 to -38 ms for stenosis>50%). Equivalent blood velocity increases were calculated as 142-155 cm/s in stenotic phantoms, which are within the physiologic range as measured by ultrasound.

A comparative study of prevalence and spatial distribution of major Anopheline vector fauna in a hyper- and a hypomalaria endemic district of Odisha, India with special reference to onset of first wet season.

The state's retrospective findings indicate the incidence of malaria deaths, which is more during the onset of first monsoon season. Based upon this fact, our objective was to study the distribution pattern of major Anopheles vectors in two endemic districts viz. Kalahandi and Cuttack of Odisha, India that differ significantly according to malariogenic stratification, under the impact of first monsoon shower. A comparative study of vector abundance, predominance, their habitats, resting site preference, impact of abiotic rhythm (light/dark period) on vector distribution, gonotrophic status as well as sporozoite rate was established in a high and a low endemic district of Odisha, when the degree of malaria transmission elevates to its peak level Anopheles culicifacies was found to be predominant in hyperendemic Kalahandi district while Anopheles subpictus was abundant in hypo-endemic Cuttack district. Both primary vector An. culicifacies and the secondary vector An. subpictus mostly prefer CS (Cattle shed) compared to HD (Human dwelling) in Kalahandi district where as there was slight shifting of resting habitat of An. culicifacies from CS to HD in Cuttack district. Anopheles culicifacies prefers to rest on wall besides objects in Kalahandi while no such site preference was observed in Cuttack district. On the other hand, distribution of An. subpictus was highly influenced by the daily rhythm of light/dark cycle (i.e. day and night) in Cuttack. The gonotrophic condition revealed the high tendency of the predominant vectors towards endophilic resting. The sporozoite rate was 0.66% in Kalahandi and nil in Cuttack district. The proper monitoring of vector prevalence and distribution, at least during the peak transmission period can avert a perpetuated upsurge in malaria.

Perennial malaria transmission and its association with rainfall at Kalahandi district of Odisha, Eastern India: A retrospective analysis.

India contributes substantially to global malaria incidents. Vector dynamics is the significant determinant of malaria risk. Hence, knowledge on the interaction between rainfall, malaria cases and malaria vector density can be very useful for controlling malaria transmission. Kalahandi was screened for malaria cases, Anopheline vector density and their temporal relationship with rainfall. Epidemiological data was obtained from National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Odisha, India. Three years vector population study was carried out. Rainfall data was obtained from a database maintained by the Govt. of Odisha and was analysed using Univariate ANOVA and Pearson correlation co-efficient tests using R-prog. Malaria was found to be prevalent throughout the year attaining peak between July to August and another peak in December, amidst which the clinical malaria cases being recorded implied highest incidents in the month of July. The results estimated the seasonality of the population of An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. annularis over the region and determined the influence of rainfall on the vector population dynamics. Simple linear regression analysis suggested that at one month lag monthly rainfall (P=0.0007) was a significant meteorological factor. Rainfall seemed to be one of the best malaria predictors because of its positive correlation with proliferation of malaria cases in conjunction with An. culicifacies density making malaria a serious health issue in Kalahandi.

Perennial malaria transmission and its association with rainfall at Kalahandi district of Odisha, Eastern India: A retrospective analysis

@#India contributes substantially to global malaria incidents. Vector dynamics is the significant determinant of malaria risk. Hence, knowledge on the interaction between rainfall, malaria cases and malaria vector density can be very useful for controlling malaria transmission. Kalahandi was screened for malaria cases, Anopheline vector density and their temporal relationship with rainfall. Epidemiological data was obtained from National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Odisha, India. Three years vector population study was carried out. Rainfall data was obtained from a database maintained by the Govt. of Odisha and was analysed using Univariate ANOVA and Pearson correlation co-efficient tests using R-prog. Malaria was found to be prevalent throughout the year attaining peak between July to August and another peak in December, amidst which the clinical malaria cases being recorded implied highest incidents in the month of July. The results estimated the seasonality of the population of An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. annularis over the region and determined the influence of rainfall on the vector population dynamics. Simple linear regression analysis suggested that at one month lag monthly rainfall (P=0.0007) was a significant meteorological factor. Rainfall seemed to be one of the best malaria predictors because of its positive correlation with proliferation of malaria cases in conjunction with An. culicifacies density making malaria a serious health issue in Kalahandi.

A comparative study of prevalence and spatial distribution of major Anopheline vector fauna in a hyper- and a hypomalaria endemic district of Odisha, India with special reference to onset of first wet season

@#The state’s retrospective findings indicate the incidence of malaria deaths, which is more during the onset of first monsoon season. Based upon this fact, our objective was to study the distribution pattern of major Anopheles vectors in two endemic districts viz. Kalahandi and Cuttack of Odisha, India that differ significantly according to malariogenic stratification, under the impact of first monsoon shower. A comparative study of vector abundance, predominance, their habitats, resting site preference, impact of abiotic rhythm (light/dark period) on vector distribution, gonotrophic status as well as sporozoite rate was established in a high and a low endemic district of Odisha, when the degree of malaria transmission elevates to its peak level Anopheles culicifacies was found to be predominant in hyperendemic Kalahandi district while Anopheles subpictus was abundant in hypo-endemic Cuttack district. Both primary vector An. culicifacies and the secondary vector An. subpictus mostly prefer CS (Cattle shed) compared to HD (Human dwelling) in Kalahandi district where as there was slight shifting of resting habitat of An. culicifacies from CS to HD in Cuttack district. Anopheles culicifacies prefers to rest on wall besides objects in Kalahandi while no such site preference was observed in Cuttack district. On the other hand, distribution of An. subpictus was highly influenced by the daily rhythm of light/dark cycle (i.e. day and night) in Cuttack. The gonotrophic condition revealed the high tendency of the predominant vectors towards endophilic resting. The sporozoite rate was 0.66% in Kalahandi and nil in Cuttack district. The proper monitoring of vector prevalence and distribution, at least during the peak transmission period can avert a perpetuated upsurge in malaria.

An illustration of human sperm morphology and their functional ability among different group of subfertile males.

Condensed sperm chromatin is a prerequisite for natural fertilization. Some reports suggested the prevalence of chromatin condensation defects in teratozoospermia cases with head anomalies; conversely, earlier studies exemplified its occurrence in morphologically normal spermatozoa too. The aim of this study was to compare the condensation defects in correlation with head anomalies among different groups of subfertile males and its impact on the rate of fertilization in assisted reproduction procedures. Ultrastructure analysis of spermatozoa through scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy could facilitate an in-depth evaluation of sperm morphology. Nuclear condensation defects (%) in spermatozoa were analyzed in 666 subjects, and its effect on the rate of fertilization was analyzed in 116 IVF and 90 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cases. There was no correlation of condensation defects with head anomalies (%). Student's t-test showed no significant changes in mean values of condensation defects in abnormal semen samples in comparison with the normal group. Condensation defects were observed in normal spermatozoa too, which was negatively associated with the rate of fertilization in IVF (p < 0.01), but intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome remained unaffected. Ultrastructure study revealed sperm morphological features in height, amplitude, and three-dimensional views in atomic force microscopy images presenting surface topography, roughness property of head, and compact arrangement of mitochondria over axoneme with height profile at nanoscale. In pathological forms, surface roughness and nuclear thickness were marked higher than the normal spermatozoa. Thus, percentage of normal spermatozoa with condensation defects could be a predictive factor for the rate of fertilization in IVF. From diverse shapes of nucleus in AFM imaging, it could be predicted that defective nuclear shaping might be impeding the activity of some proteins/ biological motors, those regulate the proper Golgi spreading over peri-nuclear theca.

SKIN-COUPLED PVDF MICROPHONES FOR NONINVASIVE VASCULAR BLOOD SOUND MONITORING.

Vascular access is the "Achilles Heel" of hemodialysis, as maintaining high flow characteristics (access patency) is critical to achieving efficient dialysis treatment. Thus, monitoring of vascular access is essential for maintaining long-term dialysis success. Blood sounds change in the presence of stenosis and can be analyzed digitally as phonoangiograms (PAGs) to determine changes in hemodynamic flow. We propose a multi-channel PAG recording sensor suitable for rapid, non-invasive vascular access monitoring. Here we present the initial design and characterization of sensors appropriate for recording PAGs from the skin surface. An optimized sensor size and backing material was selected to improve sensitivity and to provide a neutral frequency response. The sensor performance was finally compared with a conventional stethoscope on a controlled blood flow stenosis benchtop phantom.

Stenosis Characterization and Identification for Dialysis Vascular Access.

Vascular access dysfunction is the leading cause of hospitalization for hemodialysis patients and accounts for the most medical costs in this patient population. Vascular access flow is commonly hindered by blood vessel narrowing (stenosis). Current screening methods involving imaging to detect stenosis are too costly for routine use at the point of care. Noninvasive, real-time screening of patients at risk of vascular access dysfunction could potentially identify high-risk patients and reduce the likelihood of emergency surgical interventions. Bruits (sounds produced by turbulent blood flow near stenoses) can be interpreted by skilled clinical staff using conventional stethoscopes. To improve the sensitivity of detection, digital analysis of blood flow sounds (phonoangiograms or PAGs) is a promising approach for classifying vascular access stenosis using non-invasive auditory recordings. Here, we demonstrate auditory and spectral features of PAGs which estimate both the location and degree of stenosis (DOS). Auditory recordings from nine stenosis phantoms with variable DOS and hemodynamic flow rate were obtained using a digital recording stethoscope and analyzed to extract classification features. Autoregressive modeling and discrete wavelet transforms were used for multiresolution signal decomposition to produce 14 distinct features, most of which were linearly correlated with DOS. Our initial results suggest that the widely-used auditory spectral centroid is a simple way to calculate features which can estimate both the location and severity of vascular access stenosis.

Management of postburn perioral contracture using a customized static commissural splint and intralesional injections of triamcinolone.

A perioral facial burn is usually accompanied by a reduction in size of the oral orifice because of the contraction of the healing wound. Perioral contracture leads to microstomia, restricting nutrition, speech, and jaw movements and impairing the esthetic appearance of the face. It is imperative to introduce splints as early as possible to prevent the postburn sequelae. A delay in splinting allows postburn contractures. Overcoming these contractures to regain the size of the stoma requires restructuring of the hypertrophic scar using mechanical force and the biomodification of the tissues. This article describes the treatment of microstomia and the hypertrophic scarring of the perioral tissue using a novel static commissural splint with customizable components in conjunction with intralesional injections of triamcinolone. Within 6 months, the splint together with the steroid injections had helped increase the vertical opening of the mouth by 15 mm and the intercommissural distance by 16 mm.

Crop and varietal diversification of rainfed rice based cropping systems for higher productivity and profitability in Eastern India.

Rice-rice system and rice fallows are no longer productive in Southeast Asia. Crop and varietal diversification of the rice based cropping systems may improve the productivity and profitability of the systems. Diversification is also a viable option to mitigate the risk of climate change. In Eastern India, farmers cultivate rice during rainy season (June-September) and land leftovers fallow after rice harvest in the post-rainy season (November-May) due to lack of sufficient rainfall or irrigation amenities. However, in lowland areas, sufficient residual soil moistures are available in rice fallow in the post-rainy season (November-March), which can be utilized for raising second crops in the region. Implementation of suitable crop/varietal diversification is thus very much vital to achieve this objective. To assess the yield performance of rice varieties under timely and late sown conditions and to evaluate the performance of dry season crops following them, three different duration rice cultivars were transplanted in July and August. In dry season several non-rice crops were sown in rice fallow to constitute a cropping system. The results revealed that tiller occurrence, biomass accumulation, dry matter remobilization, crop growth rate, and ultimately yield were significantly decreased under late transplanting. On an average, around 30% yield reduction obtained under late sowing may be due to low temperature stress and high rainfall at reproductive stages of the crop. Dry season crops following short duration rice cultivars performed better in terms of grain yield. In the dry season, toria was profitable when sown earlier and if sowing was delayed greengram was suitable. Highest system productivity and profitability under timely sown rice may be due to higher dry matter remobilization from source to sink. A significant correlation was observed between biomass production and grain yield. We infer that late transplanting decrease the tiller occurrence and assimilate remobilization efficiency, which may be responsible for the reduced grain yield.

Histamine H3 Receptor Agonist Imetit Attenuated Isoproterenol Induced Renin Angiotensin System and Sympathetic Nervous System Overactivity in Myocardial Infarction of Rats.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction is an alarming health issue, needs great attention. The present study investigated the role of histamine-H3 receptor (H3R) agonist imetit in relationship to sympathetic and renin angiotensin system in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) on last 2 consecutive days in per se group and 7 days treatment of different groups at 24 h interval induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats. H3R agonist imetit (10 mg/kg), H3R antagonist thioperamide (5 mg/kg), losartan (10 mg/kg) were administered orally to evaluate imetit's cardioprotective potential effect by measuring plasma cardiac antioxidant markers, angiotensin II, norepinephrine levels and histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Isoproterenol significantly elevated the angiotensin II and norepinephrine levels in rat plasma. This study revealed that pre-treatment with imetit similar to losartan attenuated norepinephrine and angiotensin II levels whereas thioperamide showed its antagonistic effect by diminishing imetit's effects. Furthermore, its protective effect was confirmed by restoration of cardiac antioxidant markers and histopathological improvement of myocardium integrity. CONCLUSION: This study confirm imetit's cardioprotective potential and also reveals renin angiotensin system, sympathetic system and H3R correlation in isoproterenol induced toxicity in rats. However, molecular studies must be warranted to prove the role of H3R in myocardial infarction.

1-MCP treatment enhanced expression of genes controlling endosperm cell division and starch biosynthesis for improvement of grain filling in a dense-panicle rice cultivar.

High ethylene production in dense-panicle rice cultivars impacts grain filling. 1-MCP (ethylene action inhibitor) treatment increased assimilates partitioning, cell number and size and expression of starch synthesizing enzyme genes of developing caryopses mostly in the basal spikelets of panicle at early post-anthesis stage. The gain in cell number was less compared to the increase of size. High ethylene production in spikelets matched with greater expression of ethylene receptor and signal transducer genes. Genes encoding cell cycle regulators CDK, CYC and CKI expressed poorly on 9 DAA. 1-MCP treatment enhanced their expression; the increase of expression was higher for CDKs and lower for CKIs in basal compared to apical spikelets. Greater expression of CDKB2:1 might have lifted cytokinesis of nascent peripheral cells of endosperm, while promotion of CDKAs, CYCD2:2 and inhibition of CYCB2:2 expression contributed to endoreduplication of central cells increasing cell size and DNA ploidy level. It is concluded that the process of endoreduplication, which begins at mid-grain filling stage, is crucially linked with the final caryopsis size of rice grain. The enhanced endosperm growth brought about by repressed ethylene action during the first few days after anthesis seems to be associated with the overall increased cell cycle activity and sink strength.

Impairment of soil health due to fly ash-fugitive dust deposition from coal-fired thermal power plants.

Thermal power stations apart from being source of energy supply are causing soil pollution leading to its degradation in fertility and contamination. Fine particle and trace element emissions from energy production in coal-fired thermal power plants are associated with significant adverse effects on human, animal, and soil health. Contamination of soil with cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, arsenic, chromium, and zinc can be a primary route of human exposure to these potentially toxic elements. The environmental evaluation of surrounding soil of thermal power plants in Odisha may serve a model study to get the insight into hazards they are causing. The study investigates the impact of fly ash-fugitive dust (FAFD) deposition from coal-fired thermal power plant emissions on soil properties including trace element concentration, pH, and soil enzymatic activities. Higher FAFD deposition was found in the close proximity of power plants, which led to high pH and greater accumulation of heavy metals. Among the three power plants, in the vicinity of NALCO, higher concentrations of soil organic carbon and nitrogen was observed whereas, higher phosphorus content was recorded in the proximity of NTPC. Multivariate statistical analysis of different variables and their association indicated that FAFD deposition and soil properties were influenced by the source of emissions and distance from source of emission. Pollution in soil profiles and high risk areas were detected and visualized using surface maps based on Kriging interpolation. The concentrations of chromium and arsenic were higher in the soil where FAFD deposition was more. Observance of relatively high concentration of heavy metals like cadmium, lead, nickel, and arsenic and a low concentration of enzymatic activity in proximity to the emission source indicated a possible link with anthropogenic emissions.

Reduced estradiol synthesis by letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, is protective against development of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice.

Neurosteroids, such as testosterone and their metabolites, are known to modulate neuronal excitability. The enzymes regulating the metabolism of these neurosteroids, thus, may be targeted as a noval strategy for the development of new antiepileptic drugs. The present work targeted two such enzymes i,e aromatase and 5α-reductase in order to explore the potential of letrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice and the ability of finasteride (a 5α-reductase inhibitor) to modulate any such effects. PTZ (30 mg/kg, i.p.), when administered once every two days (for a total of 24 doses) induced kindling in Swiss albino mice. Letrozole (1 mg/kg, p.o.), administered prior to PTZ, significantly reduced the % incidence of kindling, delayed mean onset time of seizures and reduced seizure severity score. Letrozole reduced the levels of plasma 17ß-estradiol after induction of kindling. The concurrent administration of finasteride and letrozole produced effects similar to letrozole on PTZ-kindling and on estradiol levels. This implies that the ability of letrozole to redirect the synthesis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 5α-androstanediol from testosterone doesn't appear to play a significant role in the protective effects of letrozole against PTZ kindling. Letrozole, however, increased the levels of 5α-DHT in mice plasma. The aromatase inhibitors, thus, may be exploited for inhibiting the synthesis of proconvulsant (17ß-estradiol) and/or redirecting the synthesis of anticonvulsant (DHT and 5α-androstanediol) neurosteroids.

Long-term effect of rice-based farming systems on soil health.

Integrated rice-fish culture, an age-old farming system, is a technology which could produce rice and fish sustainably at a time by optimizing scarce resource use through complementary use of land and water. An understanding of microbial processes is important for the management of farming systems as soil microbes are the living part of soil organic matter and play critical roles in soil C and N cycling and ecosystem functioning of farming system. Rice-based integrated farming system model for small and marginal farmers was established in 2001 at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha. The different enterprises of farming system were rice-fish, fish-fingerlings, fruits, vegetables, rice-fish refuge, and agroforestry. This study was conducted with the objective to assess the soil physicochemical properties, microbial population, carbon and nitrogen fractions, soil enzymatic activity, and productivity of different enterprises. The effect of enterprises induced significant changes in the chemical composition and organic matter which in turn influenced the activities of enzymes (urease, acid, and alkaline phosphatase) involved in the C, N, and P cycles. The different enterprises of long-term rice-based farming system caused significant variations in nutrient content of soil, which was higher in rice-fish refuge followed by rice-fish enterprise. Highest microbial populations and enzymatic properties were recorded in rice-fish refuge system because of waterlogging and reduced condition prolonged in this system leading to less decomposition of organic matter. The maximum alkaline phosphatase, urease, and FDA were observed in rice-fish enterprise. However, highest acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity were obtained in vegetable enterprise and fish-fingerlings enterprise, respectively.