Factors Associated with Thoughts of Self-Harm or Suicide among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People Presenting to Urban Primary Care: An Analysis of De-Identified Clinical Data.

Suicide amongst Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is a major cause of premature mortality and a significant contributor to the health and life expectancy gap. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of thoughts of self-harm or suicide in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people attending an urban primary health care service and identify factors associated with these thoughts. Multilevel mixed-effects modified Poisson regression models were employed to analyse three years of data gathered during the annual Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health assessments. At their first health assessment, 11.5% (191/1664) of people reported thoughts of suicide or self-harm in the prior two weeks. Having children, participating in sport or community activities or being employed full-time decreased the risk of such thoughts. Conversely, factors relating to social exclusion including homelessness, drug use, unemployment and job insecurity increased the risk of thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Individual clinicians, health services, and policy-makers all have a role in suicide prevention. Clinicians need appropriate training to be able to respond to people expressing these thoughts. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community organisations need sovereignty and self-determination over resources to provide programs that promote cultural connectivity and address social exclusion, thereby saving lives.

Has the association between hysterectomy and ovarian cancer changed over time? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Until recently most studies suggested that hysterectomy with ovarian conservation was associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. However, several recent studies have reported modestly increased risks of ovarian cancer following hysterectomy. Given that as many as 35% of women will have a hysterectomy, the nature of the association requires clarification. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature on the relationship between hysterectomy and ovarian cancer to investigate whether there has been a temporal change in the association. Twenty observational studies that have reported a quantitative assessment of the association between hysterectomy and risk of histologically-confirmed ovarian cancer were included in the meta-analysis. The overall relative risk (RR) estimate was 0.81 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.92) suggesting hysterectomy decreases the risk of ovarian cancer. However, there was significant heterogeneity in the results (I(2) = 74%). Our exploration of sources of heterogeneity and metaregression showed that median year of cancer diagnosis of included cases explained most of the heterogeneity relative risk (RR = 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.76) for median year diagnosis pre 2000; RR = 1.18 (95% CI 1.06-1.31) for post 2000). This study shows that there has been a temporal shift in the association between hysterectomy and risk of ovarian cancer. One explanation may be the trend away from hysterectomy in younger women. Other speculative possibilities include the decline in oophorectomy rates and the use of oestrogen-only hormone replacement therapy in hysterectomised women. Until further evidence becomes available, clinicians should not advise women that a hysterectomy without salpingo-oophorectomy will favourably influence their future risk of ovarian cancer.