Expression of syndecan-1 in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study.

Background: Syndecans are a family of transmembrane proteins, belonging to heparin sulphate proteoglycan family and are localized entirely to the epithelial cells with the stratified squamous epithelia. They are involved in cell-cell adhesion and interaction with the extracellular matrix and play a critical role in cell growth, differentiation, cell morphology, and migration. The down regulation of syndecan-1 indicates loss of cellular adhesion and possibility of invasion. The present study is aimed to evaluate the difference in immunohistochemical expression of syndecan-1 in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and control group. Methods: The present study consists of 42 cases of paraffin-embedded tissue sections of OSCC; 14 well differentiated, 14 moderately differentiated, and 14 poorly differentiated. As a control, 10 paraffin-embedded tissue sections of unaffected oral mucosa were used. The sections were stained for immunohistochemical expression of syndecan -1. The intensity of staining was scored. The immunohistochemistry scores for each sample were obtained by Tissue Quant software. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant decrease in intensity of staining between normal and different grades of OSCC. Conclusion: This study shows that as cellular differentiation was lost, syndecan-1 expression was less. This provides an insight and understanding of the pathophysiology of the invasive process of OSCC and helps in establishing the prognostic link.

Deplastination: Preservation of Histological Structures and its Anticipated Role in the Field of Histopathology.

Deplastination is the process of reversing plastination such that a plastinated specimen can be reverted to its raw nature. This would enable its use in the field of histopathology. The present study aims to ascertain if deplastinates can be used for histopathological studies after a time period. Tissue samples were taken from patients undergoing maxillofacial surgeries for oral carcinomas after obtaining written informed consent. The 12 specimens obtained were divided into two groups. One set of tissues was processed for paraffin embedding after 10% formalin fixation. The other set was plastinated by S10 silicon plastination. After 3 months, the plastinates were deplastinated using sodium methoxide and processed for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, similar to the formalin fixed specimens. The slides were quantitatively assessed on parameters like tissue architecture, staining property, and intracellular structure. In addition, the slides were qualitatively evaluated by a pathologist who was blinded to the mode of preservation to see if identification of pathological features was possible on a deplastinated slide. The formalin preserved specimens and deplastinated tissue slides compared closely in all three parameters tested with the need to identify the endpoint of deplastination. Qualitatively, deplastination did not hamper identification of tissue pathology. Deplastination increases the scope of a stored plastinate by allowing histological studies in the future without the need for any preservatives or special storage equipment. It preserves structure and maintains tissue pathology. An improved method of ensuring the endpoint of deplastination needs to be identified. Clin. Anat. 32:108-112, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Immunohistochemical expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog in histologic gradings of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

CONTEXT: Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 10q23. PTEN has its major function in the regulation of cell adhesion, cell cycle arrest, migration, apoptosis programming, and differentiation. This genomic region suffers loss of heterozygosity in many human cancers. AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of PTEN in normal oral mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to correlate the PTEN expression in gradings of OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty cases of paraffin tissue sections of previously diagnosed OSCC were taken. Of thirty cases, ten were well differentiated, ten were moderately differentiated, and ten were poorly differentiated. As a control, ten paraffin sections of oral normal mucosa tissue specimens were taken from patients undergoing extractions. The sections were stained for immunohistochemical expression of PTEN. The cells stained by PTEN antibody were counted, and an immunohistochemical score was obtained. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney's test and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between normal mucosa and OSCC in immunohistochemistry staining. However, there was no significant difference in PTEN expression among gradings of OSCC. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that there was a decrease in PTEN expression in OSCC than normal mucosa. It also concluded that PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene which has a wide role in oral carcinogenesis.

Human immunodeficiency virus associated plasmablastic lymphoma: A case report.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the third common malignant lesion of the oral region. Plasmablastic lymphomas are rare, aggressive neoplasms occurring mostly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individual which accounts for approximately 2.6% of all NHL. It usually presents as a diffuse growth and with diffuse pattern of histological presentation. It is very difficult to differentiate this lymphoma from other NHL. Immunohistochemical evaluation of various markers is an important criteria of the diagnostic protocol. Here, we describe a case of plasmablastic lymphoma in a 50-year-old female HIV-infected patient. The diagnosis was based on histopathological examination and immunophenotyping.

Immunohistochemical analysis of angiogenesis by CD34 and mast cells by toluidine blue in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Angiogenesis is a complex event mediated by angiogenic factors released from cancer cells and immune cells. It has been reported to be associated with progression, aggressiveness and metastases of various malignant tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Similarly, mast cells have also been reported to play a role in tumor progression and metastases by promoting angiogenesis. OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to compare microvessel density (MVD) and mast cell density (MCD) in different histological grades of OSCC in comparison with normal oral mucosa (NM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Comparison of MVD by CD34 and MCD by toluidine blue among different histological grades of OSCC and in NM as controls. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The results were analysed using "t" test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation co-efficient. RESULTS: The mean MVD was higher in different grades as compared to normal mucosa. Intergroup comparison of increase in MVD between different grades of OSCC was not found to be highly statistically significant. Pearson's correlation between MVD and MCD revealed a linear increase in MVD as the MCD increased, suggestive of a positive correlation. CONCLUSION: There was significant correlation found between MVD and MCD which was in agreement that mast cells promote tumor progression through upregulation of angiogenesis.

Morphological patterns of lip prints in Mangaloreans based on Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification.

INTRODUCTION: Cheiloscopy is the study of the furrows or grooves present on the red part or vermilion border of the human lips. The present study aims to classify the characteristics of lip prints and to know the most common morphological pattern specific to Mangalorean people of Southern India. For the first time, this study also assesses the association between gender and different lip segments within a population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 residents of Mangalore (100 males and 100 females) were included of age ranging from 18 years to 60 years. Materials used to take the impression of lips included red lipstick, A4 size white bond paper and cellophane tape. The prints obtained were scanned using a Canon Image Scanner and stored in a folder on a personal computer. The images were cropped and inverted in gray scale using Adobe Photoshop software. Each lip print was divided into eight segments and was examined. Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification (1970) was used to classify the types of grooves, and the results were statistically analyzed. Six types of grooves were recorded in the Mangalorean's lips. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Association between gender and different lip segments was tested using Chi-square analysis in the given population. RESULTS: In males, the groove Type I' was the highest recorded followed by Type III, Type II, Type I, Type IV and Type V in descending order. In females, Type I' was the highest recorded followed by Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type I and Type V in descending order. CONCLUSION: Males and females displayed statistically significant differences in lip print patterns for different lip sites: lower medial lip, as well as upper and lower lateral segments. Only the upper medial lip segment displayed no statistically significant difference in lip print pattern between males and females. This shows that the distribution of lip prints is generally dissimilar for males and females, with varying predominance according to lip segment.

Awareness of forensic odontology among police personnel: A new ray of hope in forensic odontology.

BACKGROUND: Police personnel play an important role in collecting and producing evidence. Knowledge about the various aspects of forensic as well as dental sciences and related evidence in them provide a golden opportunity to forensic odontologists to actively participate in the identification of the accused or victim. They can also act as an expert witness in court to produce forensic dental evidence. AIM: To evaluate the awareness and knowledge about the utilization of forensic odontology during evidence collection by the crime scene investigation (CSI) officers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred police officers were included in this survey. A questionnaire was designed to assess the awareness and knowledge about forensic odontology and application of the known knowledge in identifying and considering the dental evidences. Data were analyzed using the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, Il, USA) version 17.0 by comparing the overall awareness of forensic odontology among the trained SI officers and trainee police personnel. RESULTS: The collected results showed that there is a requirement for changes in the current practice of evidence collection and highlighted the need for better communication between the police personnel and forensic odontologists. A significantly higher number of police officers in both the trained and trainee groups reported knowledge about the subject (P < 0.001) through newspapers and mass media as the sources of knowledge. CONCLUSION: Even though the respondents have knowledge about forensic odontology, there is a lack of communication and facilities in their system; hence, steps must be taken to educate the police personnel about the application of forensic odontology.

Rhinoscleroma of nose extruding into oral cavity.

Rhinoscleroma (RS) is a rare chronic granulomatous disease of the upper airways affecting nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis is the causative agent of this infection and Mikulicz cells are specific to this lesion. RS is commonly seen in poorer regions such as Central Africa, South America, Middle East, India and Indonesia. It is predominantly found in rural areas and people with poor socio-economic conditions. Most patients present with chronic rhinitis, sneezing, headache and deviated nasal septum similar to current case. An association with oral cavity has not been reported previously, as per authors' knowledge. This report describes a rare case of RS of nasal cavity extending into the oral cavity.

Comparative analysis of cell proliferation ratio in plaque and erosive oral lichen planus: An immunohistochemical study.

BACKGROUND: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a nuclear protein synthesized in the late G1 and S-phase of the cell cycle. Detection of this protein represents a useful marker of the proliferation status of lesions. This study has been carried out to evaluate the cell proliferation rate in oral lichen planus (OLP) and comparison between plaque and erosive lichen planus, which indicates the potential for malignant transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was comprised of 64 cases of histologically proven lichen planus, out of which 32 cases of plaque and erosive each was taken. Two sections were taken from each, one for H and E staining to verify histological diagnosis according to Eisenberg criteria, other sections were stained according to super sensitive polymer horse radish peroxidise method for identifying immunohistochemical expression of PCNA. Data were statistically analyzed by Tukey high-range statistical domain test. Statistically significant P value was considered <0.05. RESULTS: In two types of lichen planus, erosive type (66.86%) showed higher expression of PCNA followed by plaque (17.07%). Overall, P value was <0.001, which was statistically significant. It indicates that proliferation activity is more in erosive lichen planus followed by plaque type, which ultimately results in increased rate of malignant transformation. CONCLUSION: PCNA is a good nuclear protein marker to evaluate the proliferation status of OLP. Out of the two types of lichen planus, erosive type possesses more proliferative ratio and chances of malignant change is more in this type. It emphasizes the importance of long-term follow-up with erosive type when compared with plaque type.

Centroblastic variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Case report and review of literature.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) making up about approximately 30% of all NHL. Its occurrence in the mandible is very rare. Histopathologically, five variants of DLBCL have been recognized among which centroblastic variant is the one with better prognosis. We report a case of a 55 year-old patient who presented with a painless swelling in the lower right body of the mandible since 4 months. Incisional biopsy revealed NHL like features, confirmed by immunohistochemistry using CD45, CD20, and CD3 markers to be a DLBCL of centroblastic variant. Patient was treated with chemotherapy following which the lesion regressed completely with no further recurrences. Precise histological diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management and ultimately for the survival of the patient.

A qualitative and quantitative estimation of AgNORS in dysplastic and non-dysplastic leukoplakias.

Using a silver staining technique, nucleolar organizer region--associated proteins (AgNORS) were studied in formalin, fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of normal oral buccal mucosa epithelium, leukoplakia with dysplasias and leukoplakia without dysplasias. Fifty cases, that comprised of 10 cases of normal oral buccal mucosa epithelium and 40 cases, of leukoplakia without dysplasia and with mild, moderate and severe leukoplakia were examined with respect to the relationship between AgNOR counts and histologic grading. The mean AgNOR count per nucleus increased from normal oral buccal mucosa epithelium to leukoplakia without dysplasia to leukoplakia with dysplasia. Higher counts, wider scatter and smaller size of AgNOR in the nuclei were seen as the grading of dysplasia increased from mild to severe. It is suggested that this method has potential in distinguishing between dysplastic and non dysplastic leukoplakias and for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment planning of dysplastic lesions.