Correlation of Visual Prostate Symptom Score with International Prostate Symptom Score and Uroflowmetry Parameters in Nepalese Male Patients with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

INTRODUCTION: International prostate symptom score is a validated questionnaire used to evaluate the lower urinary tract symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Visual prostate symptom score is a new simplified symptom score with pictograms to evaluate the same. We evaluated the correlation of visual prostate symptom score with international prostate symptom score and uroflowmetry parameters in Nepalese male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. METHODS: Male patients aged ≥40 years attending the Urology clinic were enrolled in the study. They were given international prostate symptom score and visual prostate symptom score questionnaires to complete providing assistance whenever needed. Demographic data, examination findings and uroflowmetry parameters were noted. Correlation and regression analysis was used to identify correlation of the two scoring systems and uroflowmetry parameters. RESULTS: Among the 66 patients enrolled, only 10 (15.15%) patients were able to understand English language. There was a statistically significant correlation between total visual prostate symptom score and international prostate symptom score (r= 0.822; P<0.01). The correlations between individual scores of the two scoring systems related to force of urinary stream, frequency, nocturia and quality of life were also statistically significant. There was also a statistically significant correlation of both scores with maximum flow rate and average flow rate. CONCLUSIONS: There is a statistically significant correlation of visual prostate symptom score with international prostate symptom score and uroflowmetry parameters. IPSS can be replaced with simple VPSS in evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in elderly male patients.

Study of anemia in adolescents female and effect information, education and communication in rural area of central Kathmandu Valley.

Adolescence is a period of rapid change and opportunities. It is a coming up of age as children grow into young adults. It constitutes 10-19 yrs of age. In Nepal 23% of the population are adolescents. Across-sectional community based study was carried out in 3 schools in Jhaukhel (Bhaktapur) to determine the prevalence of anemia and the effect of IEC in female adolescents. Does IEC effect improve anemia rapidly. Two hundred four female school children were screened for Hemoglobin estimation by Simple Random Sampling method. Physical examination and nutritional assessment was also done. Hemoglobin estimation was done by Cynomethemoglobin method in their respective schools. Anemia was diagnosed according to WHO guidelines. IEC was given to all adolescents girls thrice in 1 month and again the effect of IEC was studied by estimating hemoglobin. Out of 204, 72 (35.3%) had anemia. Forty (34.2%) had anemia in the age group of 13-15 yrs, followed by 19 in age group 10-12 yrs and mild anemia was found in the age group 16-19 yrs. The adolescents girls whose parents were farmers and labourers were more anemic than others. Twelve (44.4%) maximum anemic girls were observed in those whose parental income was between NPRs 12000-16000. Out of 204 girls only 157 attained menarche. All girls 52 (33.1%) who attained menarche upto 13 yrs had more anemia than others of above 13 yrs of age group. The mean age at menarche was 13.05 yrs. The subjects exhibited increase in Hb significantly P value 0.000. Mean Hb before IEC was 12.26 (SD 1.43) and after IEC it was 12.81 (SD +/- 1.05). The Mean increase in percentage after IEC was 4.48 (SD +/- 9.68) in females. The Range was 20 to 41.18%. The Coefficient of relationship (Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation) between two Hb levels before and after giving IEC was 0.719, which is statistically significant with positive correlation (p = .000) and r2 = 0.516. It is represented as scattered diagram.

Correlation of the hand length and stature in adult Musahar females of Nepal; an anthropometric study.

Stature of a person is one of the most important and useful anthropometric parameter for establishing identification of unknown living or a dead person. A descriptive cross sectional study was done on 165 Nepalese adult Musahar females of Aurahi Village of Mahottari district, Nepal to predict the stature from their hand length. Measurement of stature and the length of both right and left hands taken with a standard standing height measuring instrument and a slide caliper respectively showed significant (p<0.001) positive correlation between the stature and hand lengths. The multiplication factor which was obtained by dividing the height of the subject by the respective hand lengths was found appropriate parameter to calculate the stature of a questioned person. The importance of the hand length alone will be of a great value for anthropologists and forensic experts. As an alternative method, the coefficient of regression and intercept which were obtained from the measured height and hand length were also proved to be equally valuable to estimate the height of a questioned person.

Association between maternal body mass index and the birth weight of neonates.

Birth weight (BW) is an important determinant of infant's well being. Several factors such as mothers' genetic characteristics, socio-cultural, demographic, behavioral factors, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) etc contribute to birth weight. This study assesses the anthropometric measurement of ethnic Nepalese women belonging to Sherpa/Tamang community and Brahmin/Chhetri community and the neonatal outcome in this population. A retrospective study was done in singleton pregnant women of Sherpa/Tamang and Brahmin/Chhetri community who delivered baby in Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital from April 2007 to March 2008 to examine the association between the maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) and the gestational weight gain among the two ethnic communities and the birth weight of newborns. Among 206 Sherpa women who met the eligibility criteria, the mean BMI of Sherpa/Tamang community was 23.53 +/- 2.28 which was statistically higher than the Brahmin/Chhetri community (21.6 +/- 2.32). Among Sherpa/Tamang community, the mean gestational weight gain was 12.8 +/- 3.4 kg and the mean birth weight was 3460 +/- 410 grams. Similarly among Brahmin/Chhetri community, mean gestation weight gain was 10.3 +/- 3.1 kg and the mean birth weight was 2960 +/- 340 gm. Maternal BMI, gestational weight gain and birth weight of the newborn was significantly higher in Sherpa/Tamang community and the Increasing BMI and the gestational weight gain was found to have strong association with the birth weight of the newborns among this ethnic community.

Common behaviour problems amongst primary school children in slum dwelling area of Kathmandu Valley.

A cross sectional observation study was carried out in primary school children of slum dwelling area of Kathmandu Valley which included 454 students. The aim of study was to find out morbidity in habit disorders in age group of 6-10 years so that early detection will be helpful to correct them to prevent it from further personality maladjustment. There was no statistical difference in gender wise habit disorders. The morbidity is due to multiple factors of physico- social environment. However severity of disease is not more here in this area.