Fermentative losses and lactic acid content of elephant grass silages added with macaúba cake

Elephant grass is indicated for silage production but requires additives to increase dry matter content because it reduces the production of effluents, potentially improves the fermentation pattern, and preserves the nutrients of the silage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including macaúba cake in elephant grass ensilage on dry matter content, lactic acid bacteria population, lactic acid production, pH values, losses by gases and effluents, and dry matter recovery. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3x6 factorial scheme, with three levels of inclusion of macaúba cake (0, 10, and 20%) and six opening times (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 days after ensilage), with four repetitions. Macaúba cake was an effective moisture-absorbing additive, increasing dry matter content, lactic acid bacteria population, and lactic acid content and reducing the pH. The losses by effluents and gases decreased, and dry matter recovery increased with the addition of this biodiesel co-product. The 20% level of inclusion of macaúba cake in elephant grass ensilage allowed for better preserving the ensiled material.

Control metabólico y su relación con enfermedad arterial periférica en sujetos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2: Estudio caso-control pareado

Objetivo : Evaluar la relación entre control metabólico y enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) del hospital María Auxiliadora (HMA). Material y métodos : Estudio caso-control pareado para sexo, de un análisis secundario basado en datos del servicio de endocrinología del HMA, Lima-Perú. Los casos con EAP, fueron aquellos con índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) < 0,9. Los controles fueron aquellos con ITB entre 0,9 y 1,3 en una relación 4:1 con respecto a los casos. Se definió como mal control metabólico si presentaron al menos uno de las siguientes: hemoglobina glicosilada ≥ 7 %, presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mm Hg, presión arterial diastólica ≥ 90 mm Hg, colesterol HDL< 40 mg/dl (varón) o < 50 mg/dl (mujer), colesterol LDL ≥ 100 mg/dl y triglicéridos ≥ 150 mg/dl. Se calculó el Odds ratio (OR) de mal control metabólico, tanto crudo como ajustado, según presencia de EAP mediante regresión logística. Resultados : Incluimos a 39 casos y 157 controles. Un 94,9 % y 82,2 % de los casos y controles presentaron mal control metabólico respectivamente (p<0,05). Al ajustar a edad, tiempo de diabetes, índice de masa corporal y antecedente de tabaco, los pacientes con mal control metabólico presentaron un OR de 5,45; (IC 95 % 1,17 - 25,2); p=0,030 de presentar enfermedad arterial periférica definido por ITB<0,9. Conclusión : El mal control metabólico presenta una relación independiente con EAP en pacientes con DM2 del Hospital María Auxiliadora. Metas terapéuticas centradas solo en la glicemia, elevarían la carga de enfermedad de complicaciones macrovasculares.

Objective : To assess the relationship between metabolic control and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in Maria Auxiliadora Hospital (MAH). Material and methods : This is a sex-matched case control study with a secondary analysis based on data from the endocrinology service of MAH, Lima, Peru. Cases with PAD were defined as those with 50 mg/dL (females), LDL cholesterol ≥100 mg/dL and triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL. Odds ratio values for poor metabolic control were calculated, both crude and adjusted, according to the presence or PAD, by using logistic regression. Results : We included 39 cases and 157 controls. A great majority of cases (94.9%) and of controls (82.2%) had poor metabolic control, respectively (p<0.05). When adjusting for age, time with diabetes, body mass index, and history of tobacco use, patients with poor metabolic control had OR at 5.45 (95% CI: 1.17 - 25.2) and p= 0.030 for having peripheral arterial disease, as defined by ATAI <0.9. Conclusion : Poor metabolic control showed and independent relationship with PAD in DM2 patients in Maria Auxiliadora Hospital. If therapy was only centered in glycemic control, it would increase the burden of disease of macrovascular complications.

Evaluation of buriti endocarp as lignocellulosic substrate for second generation ethanol production.

The production of lignocellulosic ethanol is one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels; however, this technology still faces many challenges related to the viability of the lignocellulosic alcohol in the market. In this paper the endocarp of buriti fruit was assessed for ethanol production. The fruit endocarp was characterized physically and chemically. Acid and alkaline pre-treatments were optimized by surface response methodology for removal of hemicellulose and lignin from the biomass. Hemicellulose content was reduced by 88% after acid pretreatment. Alkaline pre-treatment reduced the lignin content in the recovered biomass from 11.8% to 4.2% and increased the concentration of the cellulosic fraction to 88.5%. The pre-treated biomass was saccharified by the action of cellulolytic enzymes and, under optimized conditions, was able to produce 110 g of glucose per L of hydrolyzate. Alcoholic fermentation of the enzymatic hydrolyzate performed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in a fermented medium with 4.3% ethanol and a yield of product per substrate (YP/S) of 0.33.

Xylose fermentation to ethanol by new Galactomyces geotrichum and Candida akabanensis strains.

The conversion of pentoses into ethanol remains a challenge and could increase the supply of second-generation biofuels. This study sought to isolate naturally occurring yeasts from plant biomass and determine their capabilities for transforming xylose into ethanol. Three yeast strains with the ability to ferment xylose were isolated from pepper, tomato and sugarcane bagasse. The strains selected were characterized by morphological and auxanographic assays, and they were identified by homology analysis of 5.8 S and 26 S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The identities of two lineages of microrganism were associated with Galactomyces geotrichum, and the other was associated with Candida akabanensis. Fermentative processes were conducted with liquid media containing only xylose as the carbon source. YP/S values for the production of ethanol ranging between 0.29 and 0.35 g g-1 were observed under non-optimized conditions.

Discrepancia en el registro de la mortalidad perinatal en Lima y Callao según fuente de información / Discrepancy in the perinatal morality registries from Lima and Callao according to sources of information

Objetivos. Determinar la calidad y variaciones en los registros de mortalidad perinatal (MP) en Lima y Callao. Materiales y métodos. Se encuestó a informantes clave para evaluar el proceso de registro. Se compararon los registros de MP de diversos niveles en hospitales y las respectivas direcciones de salud (DISA) y registros civiles (RC) tomando como referencia para muertes fetales (MF) el registro de los servicios de obstetricia y para muertes neonatales precoces (MNP) los de neonatología. Se revisó la calidad del llenado de los certificados defunción y registros de necropsias. Resultados. Los procesos de registro son variados y no bien definidos. En la oficina de estadística de los hospitales se encontró un registro mayor de MF (+2%). En los tres hospitales que usaron el Sistema Informático Perinatal (SIP) no hubo discrepancia en los registros de MF; para MNP sólo se encontró datos en cuatro (tres usaban SIP) de los once hospitales evaluados. En las DISA el componente materno perinatal , registra menos de 9 por ciento de MF en cinco hospitales, y para MNP menos de 23 por ciento. La oficina de estadística de la DISA sólo registra MF en tres hospitales y no existen datos de MNP. En los RC se encontró un subregistro de 50 por ciento (-100 por ciento a +11,1 por ciento) para MF y de 33,3 por ciento (-89,2 por ciento a +66,7) para MNP. 70 por ciento de los certificados de defunción de MF registraron ôdesconocidaõ como causa de muerte. Sólo 29 por ciento de MF y 24,9 por ciento de MNP fueron necropsiadas. Conclusiones. Existe discrepancia en los registros de mortalidad perinatal entre las DISA y registros civiles, lo que sugiere la necesidad de estandarizar procesos e instrumentos, establecer un sistema de vigilancia, incorporar el SIP y retroalimentar la información para disminuir el subregistro de la mortalidad perinatal.

Objectives. Determine the quality and variability of perinatal mortality (PM) records in Lima and Callao. Materials and methods. Key informants were interview to evaluate the processes. The reference for foetal deaths was taken from the obstetric registry and for early neonatal deaths as the neonatal registry. These were compared with records at a diverse range of levels in hospitals, Regional Directorates of Health (DISA) and Civil Registries (CR). The filling quality of death certificates and necropsy registries was also reviewed. Results. There were different and not well defined recording processes. The registration processes varied and were not well-defined. In the statistics offices of the hospitals there were recorded 2 per cent more of fetal deaths. There was no discrepancy in foetal mortality registration in 3 hospitals using the Perinatal Information System; data for early neonatal death was only found in these hospitals and in the Instituto Especializado Materno Perinatal. Maternal perinatal section of the DISA and five hopsitals statistics offices recorded less than 9 per cent fetal deaths and 23 per cent of early neonatal deaths. The statistics office of the DISA only registered foetal deaths from 3 hospitals and did not register any early neonatal deaths. An underreported of 50 per cent (-100 per cent to +11.1 per cent) of foetal deaths and 33.3 per cent (-89.2 to +66.7 per cent) of early neonatal deaths was found in the CR. In 70 per cent of foetal death certificates the cause of death was recorded as ôunknownõ. 29 per cent of foetal deaths and 24,9 per cent of early neonatal deaths were autopsied. Conclusions. There is an important discrepancy in the basic records between the DISA and CR, which suggests that the processes and tools must be standarized, establish a surveillance system to incorporate the use of Perinatal Information System and feedback information to reduce the unrecorded perinatal mortality.

Notificación de eventos adversos en un hospital nacional en Lima / No disponible

Objetivo: Establecer un sistema de notificación de eventos adversos (EA) en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (HNDM). Método: Investigación operativa, centrada en la puesta en funcionamiento de un sistema de notificación voluntario, confidencial y con vigilancia activa entre el 1 de octubre de 2005 y el 31 de marzo de2006. El modelo para el abordaje de los EA fue de carácter sistémico. Resultados: El total de egresos fue 8.964 y la cantidad de EA reportados,347. La tasa de EA fue del 3,9% y los EA potenciales, 12(0,13%). Los EA más detectados fueron las infecciones hospitalarias, con 241 (70%), y el servicio de neonatología es el que tiene elmayor número de casos: 47 (19,5%); entre éstos, la sepsis hospitalaria neonatal (19 casos) fue la más frecuente. La segunda causa de EA fue las reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM), con 49(14,2%) casos, de los cuales 39 (79,6%) ocurrieron durante el tratamiento antirretroviral. Casi todas las notificaciones fueron obtenidas por vigilancia activa y hubo sólo 5 reportes voluntarios. Encontramosinformación fragmentada de otros subsistemas, como el delcomité de infecciones hospitalarias, hemovigilancia, farmacovigilancia, sistema de quejas y auditorías. Se buscaron EA en las reintervencionesquirúrgicas no programadas, y se clasificaron los EA porfrecuencia e impacto. Conclusiones: La tasa general de EA estimada (3,9%) es menor que la de países desarrollados cuyas condiciones sanitarias son mejoresque las nuestras, lo que indica un probable subregistro. La vigilancia activa de EA e integración de subsistemas es la forma más adecuada en el momento para obtener información de EA

Objective: To establish a system for notifying adverse effects (AE) at the Dos de Mayo National Hospital.Method: We performed an operative investigation of the implementation of a confidential, voluntary reporting system with active surveillance from 1 October 2005 to 31 March 2006. A systems-based model was used for the management of AE. Results: Among a total of 8,964 hospital admissions, 347 AE were reported. The rate of AE was 3.9% and there were 12 near misses (0.13%). The most frequent AE were nosocomial infections241 (70%). The highest number of cases (47 [19.5%])occurred in the neonatology department and the most frequent condition was neonatal sepsis (19 cases). The second most frequent AE were adverse drug reactions, amounting to 49 cases (14.2%). Of these, 39 (79.6%) were caused by antiretroviral therapy.Almost all notifications were obtained by active surveillance and there were only five voluntary reports. We found additional informationin fragmented subsystems such as the nosocomial infections board, blood surveillance, pharmacology surveillance, the complaints system and audits. In addition, we searched for AE innon-elective surgical re-interventions. All AE were classified by frequency and impact. Conclusions: The estimated overall rate of AE (3.9%) was lowerthan that in developed countries with better health conditions, suggesting a possible under-reporting bias. We infer that active surveillance of AE coupled with integration of subsystems is currently themost appropriate way to obtain information on AE

Segurança/insegurança alimentar em famílias urbanas e rurais no estado do Amazonas: I. validação de metodologia e de instrumento de coleta de informação / Nutritional security/insecurity in urban and rural families of Amazonas state: validation of methodology and of information collecting instrument

O presente estudo validou a metodologia e o instrumento de coleta de informação para análise da segurança/insegurança alimentar, em famílias urbanas e rurais no estado do Amazonas conforme o proposto pelo USDA (Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos). Valendo-se de amostra intencional de domicílios, selecionadas para representar estratos sociais diferentes foram computadas 194 famílias sendo 174 com crianças na área urbana de Manaus, envolvendo os seguintes bairros: Jesus me Deu, Novo Israel, Cidade Nova, Coroado e Conjunto Petro. Na área rural foram entrevistadas 209 famílias ribeirinhas e destas 131 com crianças, distribuídas entre os Municípios de Iranduba e Manacapuru. A validação final do questionário (Consistência interna global) deu-se por meio da comparação dos níveis de segurança e insegurança alimentar, com os estratos definidos dos indicadores sociais e de consumo. Pode-se concluir que os grupos com maior insegurança alimentar foram os situados em estratos sociais mais baixos e de baixo consumo de alimentos sensíveis a estas condições. O instrumento de coleta apresentou alta validade e consistência interna.

The present study validates the methodology and the information collecting instrument for analysis of nutritional security/insecurity on the urban and rural family level, proposed by the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). An intentional sample of domiciles was selected to represent different social strata, 194 families were enrolled in urban Manaus, of which 174 had children, in the following neighborhoods: Jesus me Deu, Nova Israel, Cidade Nova, Coroado and Conj. Petro. In the rural area between the municipalities of Iranduba and Manacapuru, 209 riparian families were interviewed, and of these 131 had children. The final validation of the questionnaire (global internal consistency) was made by comparing, the levels of nutritional security/insecurity, with the defined social strata and food consumption indicators. The results demonstrated that the groups of highest nutritional insecurity were the very poor. The instrument presented high validation and internal consistency.

Suco de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart): avaliação microbiológica, tratamento térmico e vida de prateleira / Açai juice (Euterpe oleracea Mart): microbiological evaluation thermal treatment and shelf life

Um dos principais problemas enfrentados quando da elaboração do suco de açaí é a contaminação por microrganismos, oriundas de problemas técnicos e higiênico-sanitários durante o processamento. Objetivando a erradicação desta microbiota no suco de açaí foram testados os processos de pasteurização e fervura em diferentes temperaturas e tempos e avaliou-se a vida de prateleira. Os sucos foram armazenados sob congelamento a -18 °C por 120 dias e avaliados mensalmente quanto às características microbiológicas e físico-químicas. Os resultados microbiológicos do açaí in natura demonstraram elevada contaminação por coliformes totais (> 100 NMP/ml) e fecais (> 110 NMP/ml), bolores e leveduras (> 300 UFC/ml). A pasteurização a 90°C por cinco minutos e fervura por um minuto demonstraram eficiência na erradicação dos microrganismos, manutenção das características sensoriais e conservação do suco de açaí por 120 dias a -18 °C.

One of the principal problems encountered when elaborating açai juice is contamination by microorganisms, originating from technical and hygienic-sanitary problems during processing. With the object of eradication of this microbiota in the açai juice, the processes of pasteurization and ebullition at different temperatures and time were used, and shelf life was evaluated. The juice was stored in a freezer at 18°C for 120 days and evaluated monthly with regard to the microbiological and physical-chemistry characteristics. The microbiological results of the açai in natura demonstrated high contamination for total coliformes (> 100 NMP/ml) and feces (> 110 NMP/ml), moulds and yeasts (> 300 UFC/ml). The pasteurization at 90°C for five minutes and ebullition for one minute demonstrated efficiency in eradicting microorganisms, maintaining sensore characteristics and conserving açai juice for 120 days at 18°C.