ABSTRACT
RIG-I and MDA5 are the major intracellular immune receptors that recognize viral RNA species and undergo a series of conformational transitions leading to the activation of the interferon-mediated antiviral response. However, to date, full-length RLRs have resisted crystallographic efforts and a molecular description of their activation pathways remains hypothetical. Here we employ hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to probe the apo states of RIG-I and MDA5 and to dissect the molecular details with respect to distinct RNA species recognition, ATP binding and hydrolysis and CARDs activation. We show that human RIG-I maintains an auto-inhibited resting state owing to the intra-molecular HEL2i-CARD2 interactions while apo MDA5 lacks the analogous intra-molecular interactions and therefore adopts an extended conformation. Our work demonstrates that RIG-I binds and responds differently to short triphosphorylated RNA and long duplex RNA and that sequential addition of RNA and ATP triggers specific allosteric effects leading to RIG-I CARDs activation. We also present a high-resolution protein surface mapping technique that refines the cooperative oligomerization model of neighboring MDA5 molecules on long duplex RNA. Taken together, our data provide a high-resolution view of RLR activation in solution and offer new evidence for the molecular mechanism of RLR activation.
Subject(s)
DEAD-box RNA Helicases/chemistry , RNA/metabolism , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Allosteric Regulation , Animals , Apoenzymes/chemistry , DEAD Box Protein 58 , DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism , Deuterium Exchange Measurement , Humans , Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1 , Mass Spectrometry , Mice , Models, Molecular , Poly I-C/metabolism , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Structure, Tertiary , RNA/chemistry , Receptors, ImmunologicABSTRACT
Earlier observations in the literature suggest that proteolytic degradation of excess unmatched α-globin chains reduces their accumulation and precipitation in ß-thalassaemia erythroid precursor cells and have linked this proteolytic degradation to the activity of calpain protease. The aim of this study was to correlate the activity of calpain and its inhibitor, calpastatin, with different degrees of disease severity in ß-thalassaemia. CD34(+) cells were enriched from peripheral blood of healthy individuals (control group) and patients with mild and severe clinical presentations of ß(0)-thalassaemia/Hb E disease. By ex vivo cultivation promoting erythroid cell differentiation for 7 days, proerythroblasts, were employed for the functional characterization of the calpain-calpastatin proteolytic system. In comparison to the control group, enzymatic activity and protein amounts of µ-calpain were found to be more than 3-fold increased in proerythroblasts from patients with mild clinical symptoms, whereas no significant difference was observed in patients with severe clinical symptoms. Furthermore, a 1.6-fold decrease of calpastatin activity and 3.2-fold accumulation of a 34 kDa calpain-mediated degradation product of calpastatin were observed in patients with mild clinical symptoms. The increased activity of calpain may be involved in the removal of excess α-globin chains contributing to a lower degree of disease severity in patients with mild clinical symptoms.
Subject(s)
Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors , Calpain/metabolism , beta-Thalassemia/enzymology , beta-Thalassemia/pathology , Animals , Antigens, CD34/metabolism , Calcium-Binding Proteins/pharmacology , Case-Control Studies , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Erythroid Precursor Cells/drug effects , Erythroid Precursor Cells/metabolism , Humans , Male , Proteolysis/drug effects , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Severity of Illness Index , alpha-Globins/metabolismABSTRACT
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 strain F2, a food isolate of an outbreak, is resistant to oxidative stress, but has increased stress-sensitivity after passage through mice. The stress-sensitive variant of F2 (designated MP37) has decreased culturability, but retains membrane integrity under stress conditions, indicating that the cells enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Proteomic analyses revealed that MP37 in the VBNC state had decreased levels of some oxidation-responsive factors (AhpCF, AceF), but it markedly increased levels of outer membrane protein W (OmpW). Because F2 expressed higher levels of some ribosome-associated proteins (RaiA, S6, Bcp) than MP37, the effect of animal passage on the induction of the VBNC state in the EHEC O157 cells might be due to ribosomal activity.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli O157/metabolism , Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism , Proteomics , Animals , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Dihydrolipoyllysine-Residue Acetyltransferase/metabolism , Escherichia coli O157/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli O157/physiology , Escherichia coli Proteins/isolation & purification , Food Microbiology , Mice , Microbial Viability , Oxidation-Reduction , Peroxiredoxins/metabolism , Ribosomal Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
We previously reported that the viability of Salmonella Oranienburg strains under NaCl stress was variable and depended on the strain's origin; food strains were resistant and patient strains sensitive to NaCl. Therefore, we mutagenized a food strain with a mini-Tn5Km2 transposon. Of 2,400 mutants screened, 15 NaCl-sensitive mutants were isolated, and 7 genes associated with NaCl-sensitivity were identified. The intact genes complemented their own food-strain mutants, but not patient-strain mutants, suggesting that the difference in NaCl-sensitivity between food and patient S. Oranienburg strains might not arise from a single gene mutation, but from change in multiple osmoregulatory mechanisms in Salmonella.
