ABSTRACT
Data from a prospective longitudinal study were used to investigate whether hopelessness mediates the association between social support and depression, as hypothesized by L. Y. Abramson, G. I. Metalsky, and L. B. Alloy (1989). Measures of hopelessness, social support, and depression were administered to 103 HIV-infected men and readministered 6 months later. Findings indicated that low baseline social support predicted increases in hopelessness and depression. Increases in hopelessness predicted increases in depression after controlling for baseline social support. Low baseline social support did not predict increased depression when hopelessness was controlled statistically.
Subject(s)
Depression/psychology , HIV Seropositivity/psychology , Social Support , Adult , Depression/diagnosis , Follow-Up Studies , Homosexuality, Male/psychology , Humans , Male , Prospective Studies , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Severity of Illness Index , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The Drosophila melanogaster genes Passover and l(1)ogre and the Caenorhabditis elegans gene unc-7 define a gene family whose function is not known. We have isolated and characterized the C. elegans gene eat-5, which is required for synchronized pharyngeal muscle contractions, and find that it is a new member of this family. Simultaneous electrical and video recordings reveal that in eat-5 mutants, action potentials of muscles in the anterior and posterior pharynx are unsynchronized. Injection of carboxyfluorescein into muscles of the posterior pharynx demonstrates that all pharyngeal muscles are dye-coupled in wild-type animals; in eat-5 mutants, however, muscles of the anterior pharynx are no longer dye-coupled to posterior pharyngeal muscles. We show that a gene fusion of eat-5 to the green fluorescent protein is expressed in pharyngeal muscles. unc-7 and eat-5 are two of at least sixteen members of this family in C. elegans as determined by database searches and PCR-based screens. The amino acid sequences of five of these members in C. elegans have been deduced from cDNA sequences. Polypeptides of the family are predicted to have four transmembrane domains with cytoplasmic amino and carboxyl termini. We have constructed fusions of one of these polypeptides with beta-galactosidase and with green fluorescent protein. The fusion proteins appear to be localized in a punctate pattern at or near plasma membranes. We speculate that this gene family is required for the formation of gap junctions.
Subject(s)
Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins , Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics , Connexins/genetics , Drosophila Proteins , Helminth Proteins/genetics , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Action Potentials , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism , Cloning, Molecular , Connexins/metabolism , DNA, Complementary , Helminth Proteins/metabolism , Insect Hormones/genetics , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Multigene Family , Mutation , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Pharyngeal Muscles/physiology , Pharynx/physiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Homology, Amino AcidABSTRACT
Using a classic Delphi methodology, this study identified the nursing behaviors and interventions that oncology nurses rated as most important in facilitating the patient's, parents', and siblings' coping efforts with the effects of disease and treatment. Random selection of 300 pediatric oncology nurses resulted in a final sample of 69 nurses who completed all 3 rounds of the Delphi. The majority of the nurses were younger than 35 years of age, had less than 10 years of experience, were educated with at least a bachelor's degree, and practiced in an all-oncology setting. Twenty-eight facilitative behaviors were identified for the child with cancer, 25 for the parents, and 25 for the siblings. Results of this study support previous research on patient, parent, and sibling coping.
