Effectiveness of Kinesiotaping and McConnell taping combined with physical exercise on gait biomechanics in patients with patellofemoral syndrome: non-randomized clinical trial.

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a pathological condition of the knee, typical of young adults, characterized by diffuse pain in the anterior and / or medial part of the knee. We aimed to examine the effectiveness of the two types of taping in association with therapeutic exercise in relation to the biomechanical parameters, on pain and on functionality of the lower limb in patients with PFPS. Methods: We collected data from patients treated in our outpatient's clinic with two kinds of bandage: the Kinesiotaping group (KG) and the McConnel taping group (MG). All subjects were evaluated trough an optoelectronic system, the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and with the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) at baseline before applying the taping (T0), fifteen minutes after applying the bandage (T1), after four weeks of treatment (T2) without applying the bandage and three months after the end of the first treatment period with bandages and exercises (T3). Results: Thirty-five patients (KG 16; MG 19) were included in the study. The most statistically significant changes over time in the LEFS and NPRS values have been recorded in the MG group compared to KG. The average speed and hip rotation showed a statistically significant increase between T3 and T0. Conclusion: The application of the knee bandage for PFPS would appear to show improvement in NPRS and LEFS outcomes in both groups. Furthermore, in this study the MG evidenced better results and significant changes over time than KG.

Efficacy of ultrasound therapy combined with cryotherapy in pain management and rehabilitation in patients with Achilles tendinopathy: a retrospective observational study.

Background: Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is characterized by pain, reduced performance, and swelling in and around the tendon. The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the effects of ultrasound therapy alone or associated with cryotherapy. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively amateur runner patients who run at least 3 times a week, with medical and ultrasound diagnosis of subacute AT of the midportion. All patients underwent 10 sessions of ultrasounds' therapy with qmd® ultrasound cryo and a therapeutic exercise with stretching and eccentric exercises. The Cryo-Ultrasound Group (CUG, 15, 8M and7/F), during the ultrasound treatment, underwent a session of cryo-ultrasound therapy. The Ultrasound Group (UD, 15, 7M and 8F) only performed ultrasound therapy. Results: All evaluations performed show significant improvement over time in both groups. The CUG shows at T1 a greater increase in pain and function compared to the UG. Friedmann's repeated measures analysis shows that both groups improved when assessed separately over time. From the subsequent post hoc analysis, a statistically significant difference is highlighted between the values evaluated at T0 and T3. Conclusions: The possible simultaneous delivery of the two treatment modalities, in patients suffering from tendinopathies, therefore represents a good possibility of synergistically exploiting their therapeutic actions. Future studies with a larger patient sample and longer follow-up are also needed to better evaluate the benefits of this treatment.

Gait analysis advancements: rehabilitation value and new perspectives from forensic application.

The clinical and rehabilitation value of gait analysis is remarkable and indisputable and poised to grow as technological advancements unfold. This article aims to shed light on the advances in how gait is assessed, enabling those who have suffered an injury impairing their motor skills to be diagnosed more accurately and efficiently as well as to compare the hallmarks of rehabilitative and forensic gait analysis. The authors have conducted an analysis of relevant papers (published between 1967 and 2020) from a medicolegal perspective, cited in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and available recommendations for the legal application of such techniques. Moreover, considering the use of gait analysis as a forensic tool, this study broadens the scope of research by including search engines, legal databases, and court filings (DeJure, Lexis Nexis, Justia) between 2000 and 2022. The instrumental assessment of movement (Gait Analysis) has come to constitute an essential analytical tool for the biomedical sector to objectively and accurately assess human movement and posture. The article is also aimed at elaborating differences and similarities between clinical and forensic gait analysis. When it comes to the forensic applicability of gait analysis and its evidentiary value, however, there is a pressing need for a review of its scientific basis. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a thorough evaluation of its use in legal practice, as stressed in scientific literature and surveys. It is of utmost importance to highlight the procedural and assessment standards currently applied to forensic gait analysis, to evaluate its strengths and weaknesses, and to achieve standardized guidelines based on broad scientific consensus.

Medical management of osteoarthritis during the CO-VID-19 pandemic: a challenge for the present and the future.

Abstract: The ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has inevitably changed the treatment of many chronic diseases which has been suspended or has suffered dangerous slowdowns. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disease. As a result, the medical management of Osteoarthritis was heavily impacted by the pandemic, and it required new therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this descriptive review is to provide an overview of how much the pandemic has affected the medical management of osteoarthritis and to outline a number of possible countermeasures. The COVID-19 pandemic requires a "multimodal approach": physicians are called to test the management of Osteoarthritis patients at a distance, through the tools made available by telemedicine, for all cases in which direct contact is avoidable. Therapies that instead require a direct intervention on the patient impose that all the procedures are carried out in complete safety, scrupulously keeping to the use of personal protective equipements.

Suggestions for changes in professional procedures and adaptation to COVID-19: new models of care in the rehabilitation setting.

Abstracts: The COVID-19 (COrona Virus Disease 2019), due to the SARS-COV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2) has been an unprecedented global challenge for the healthcare systems (1).

Idiopathic facial palsy: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Idiopathic facial palsy is the most common disease of the VII cranial nerve. There are many treatments to facilitate recovery from this condition: pharmacological, surgical, rehabilitative, but the effectiveness of some of these treatments, especially the latter, is still under discussion. The purpose of this umbrella review of systematic reviews is to analyse the literature in order to investigate the different rehabilitation interventions in patients suffering from idiopathic facial palsy. A scientific literature search was carried out from January 2009 until August 2019, using Mesh the terms "facial palsy", "Bell's Palsy", "idiopathic facial nerve palsy", combined with "rehabilitation" and "therapy". Initially all the systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the last 10 years concerning rehabilitation treatments for the recovery of injured functions in facial palsy were included. Given the heterogeneity of the studies in the literature, which do not differentiate the different causes of facial palsy, all the causes of idiopathic facial palsy were included in the review. The research resulted in 94 published systematic reviews but only 6 were considered in respect to the inclusion criteria. All studies agree on the lack of high-quality scientific work to be able to say that Bell's physiotherapy treatments for facial palsy are effective, in particular with regard to recovery times during the rehabilitation process. Future studies are needed, in order to highlight the therapeutic implications of the different rehabilitation methods, with standardized protocols, in patients suffering from facial palsy of different aetiology.

Trade-Offs with rehabilitation Effectiveness (REs) and Efficiency (REy) in a sample of Italian disabled persons in a in post-acuity rehabilitation unit.

BACKGROUND: Intensive Rehabilitation Centres, known in Italy as "code 56", admit patients who need to recover from an acute episode. Different Rehabilitation Impact Indices have been proposed as composite rehabilitation outcomes measuring the rate of improvement due to a rehabilitation program. The most widely employed measure the performance of Activities of daily living in rehabilitation is the modified Barthel Index. The Barthel Index-based Rehabilitation Impact Indices are the Rehabilitation Effectiveness and the Rehabilitation Efficiency. AIM: The aim of our study was to evaluate the trade-off between Rehabilitation Effectiveness tayand Rehabilitation Efficiency with respect to the Barthel Index admission score and the Length Of Stay, and their ideal ranges that optimized both indices. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated data of all patients admitted to intensive rehabilitation unit of the Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, from January 2006 to March 2018. The primary outcome measures of our study were patient's Rehabilitation Effectiveness and Rehabilitation Efficiency during the hospital stay. RESULTS: A database of 3,466 patients was analysed and the Rehabilitation Effectiveness and Rehabilitation Efficiency indexes were calculated. We calculated the median rank ratio of the Rehabilitation Effectiveness to the Rehabilitation Efficiency against Barthel Index scores. We calculated the median rank ratio of the Rehabilitation Effectiveness to Rehabilitation Efficiency against Barthel Index scores and days of stay. The median rank ratio of the Rehabilitation Effectiveness to the Rehabilitation Efficiency value were 1 in the range of Barthel Index scores from 32 to 42. The median rank ratio of the Rehabilitation Effectiveness to Rehabilitation Efficiency value were 1 for a Length of Stay corresponding to 33 days. CONCLUSIONS: In our study we calculated the Trade-offs between Rehabilitation Effectiveness and Rehabilitation Efficiency with respect to admission Barthel Index Score and Length Of Stay in a population of 3,466 patients affected by orthopedic (1,707) and neurological (1,759) diseases. Every member of the healthcare team should be aware of such trade-offs when they make decisions about rehabilitation services.

Evidence of Rehabilitative Impact of Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) Programs in Parkinson Disease: An Umbrella Review.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition that leads to progressive disability. PD-related reductions in muscle strength have been reported to be associated with lower functional performance and balance confidence with an increased risk of falls. Progressive resistance training (PRT) improves strength, balance, and functional abilities. This umbrella review examines the efficacy of PRT regarding muscular strength in PD patients. The PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from January 2009 to August 2019 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses conducted in English. The populations included had diagnoses of PD and consisted of males and females aged >18 years old. Outcomes measured were muscle strength and enhanced physical function. Eight papers (six systematic reviews and meta-analyses and two systematic reviews) were considered relevant for qualitative analysis. In six of the eight studies, the reported severity of PD was mild to moderate. Each study analyzed how PRT elicited positive effects on muscle strength in PD patients, suggesting 10 weeks on average of progressive resistance exercises for the upper and lower limbs two to three times per week. However, none of the studies considered the postworkout follow-up, and there was no detailed evidence about the value of PRT in preventing falls. The possibility of PRT exercises being effective for increasing muscle strength in patients with PD, but without comorbidities or severe disability, is discussed. Overall, this review suggests that PRT should be included in rehabilitation programs for PD patients, in combination with balance training for postural control and other types of exercise, in order to preserve cardiorespiratory fitness and improve endurance in daily life activities.

Levels of Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale: Italian cross-cultural adaptation and validation.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To develop an Italian version of the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale (LOCFAS) and examine its reliability and validity. SUBJECT: Patients with acquired brain injury in an early post-coma state. METHODS: The original scale was translated from English to Italian using the guidelines set forth in the Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures-Principles of Good Practice. Intra-rater reliability was examined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Concurrent validity was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients with some of the functional and disability components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), excluding environmental factors. SETTING: The highly specialized neurorehabilitation department of "San Raffaele" Hospital, Cassino. RESULTS: The Italian version of the LOCFAS (LOCFAS-I) was administered to 38 subjects from May 9, 2017 to August 31, 2017. The mean ± SD of the LOCFAS-I score was 3.05 ± 1.88. All LOCFAS-I items were either identical or similar in meaning to the original version's items. Test-retest reliability (ICC) was 0.996 (p<0.01). The Pearson correlation coefficient of the LOCFAS-I scores with some of the functional and disability components of the ICF was > 0.536 (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The LOCFAS-I was found to be reliable and a valid measurement tool for the assessment of cognitive functioning post-coma in the Italian population.

Baropodometry on patients after total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: It is well known that total knee replacement surgery decreases pain and improves function, but the effect on postural assessment needs to be studied better with the use of new technological devices. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) improves motor coordination and stability of the knee. On the other hand, changing joint functionality can modify the balance. The aim of this trial is to record and analyze the static and dynamic baropodometric data of patients in the first few months following joint replacement. For the physiatrist, this tool can be useful to check if the rehabilitation treatment protocols and times are correct. METHODS: We designed a prospective observation longitudinal study to assess postural stability following TKA. Between December 2014 and May 2015, sixty consecutive patients were recruited through local orthopedic physician offices and hospitals. The patients scheduled to undergo TKA were recruited and were monitored before surgery (T0) and at 1 (T1), 3 (T2) and 6 months (T3) after knee surgery. The correction of varus/valgus deviation at X-ray and the Knee Society Score were performed to verify the functional recovery. We used static and dynamic baropodometric analysis to evaluate postural assessment. RESULTS: After surgery, there was a significant improvement in physiological alignment of knee axes (p < 0.0001) and of Knee and Function Scores (excellent, mean values 80.5 and 80.7, respectively, p < 0.0001). The static analysis showed that the center of gravity and the pressure on the foot of the operated limb were corrected toward the physiological center (p < 0.0001) and the body weight displaced to the forefeet and to the hindfeet reduced bilaterally (p < 0.0001). The type of footprint did not change. The dynamic analysis confirmed the significant normalization of the pressure on the foot of the operated limb at all follow-ups (p < 0.0001). The percentage of load was reduced on the operated limb (p = 0.0096) and speed of step, cadence and semi-step length increased (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: These data show the progressive recovery of stability after TKA from the immediate postoperative to the subsequent months. The clinical and functional improvement correlated with a load redistribution between the two limbs. The baropodometry could be an excellent noninvasive method for monitoring effects of rehabilitation treatment.

[Active surveillance evaluation of anti-HPV vaccine adverse events in Umbria region].

AIMS: The study is a part of the "Active surveillance of adverse events following HPV vaccination" project conducted in order to actively register all common adverse events in girls 9-26 years after anti-HPV vaccination. METHODS: It is a multicenter cohort study which included 12 Regions and 87 local health authorities, coordinated by the National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS) ISS. We included all adolescents, 12 years old, actively contacted for HPV vaccination, as well as all women aged 9-26 years who recived, in the period under review, the same vaccination at the local health authorities in Spoleto. RESULT: Out of 147 girls enrolled in the program, only 102 have reported the diary filled after the first vaccine dose, 62 and 88 respectively after the second and third dose. The filled diaries shown that adverse events, if any, have occurred almost exclusively during the first 5 days of vaccination, with a strong prevalence of local reactions (erythema, pain and swelling at the injection site) followed by headache and muscles pain. CONCLUSION: Even though the results show a high number of reported adverse events, mainly due to the detection method (active surveillance), they are mild or moderate in almost all the cases. This is in line with that seen in previous trials.

A recent epidemiological cluster of acute hepatitis B genotype F1b infection in a restricted geographical area of Italy.

In this study, by phylogenetic analysis, we identified an epidemiological cluster involving eight individuals diagnosed with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection related to unprotected sexual intercourse in a restricted area of central Italy (time period: 2011-2014). Notably, these patients (six of eight Italians) were infected by subgenotype F1b, which is not commonly found in western countries. Ultra-deep pyrosequencing confirmed a superimposable composition of HBV quasi-species in these patients. Despite the availability of effective vaccination, this study highlights the importance of not underestimating the risk of HBV infection, of continuing to set up surveillance programmes for HBV infection, and of investigating the pathogenetic potential of these atypical genotypes.

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy and ultrasound therapy improve pain and function in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound (US) therapy improves symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) uses acoustic energy to determine its clinical effects, as US-therapy does. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the short-term efficacy of US and ESWT on mild and moderate CTS. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University outpatient service. POPULATION: Twenty-five patients with mild to moderate CTS, for a total of 42 wrists. METHODS: patients were randomized to receive US, cryo-US or ESWT, and were evaluated for pain and function before treatment started, at the end of treatment, and four and 12 weeks after the end of the treatment. RESULTS: Significant improvement was noted in all groups for pain (P<0.05) and functionality (P<0.05). Patients in ESWT group show greater pain improvement at 12-weeks follow-up when compared with both US and cryo-US groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients affected by CTS might benefit from the application of US, cryo-US or ESWT. Benefits persist 3 months after the end of treatment. CLINICAL REHABIL IMPACT: Clinicians might consider the possibility of a short-term non-surgical management for mild-to-moderate CTS.

Unilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in idiopathic Parkinson's disease: effects on gait initiation and performance.

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is a component of the locomotor mesencephalic area. In recent years it has been considered a new surgical site for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in movement disorders. Here, using objective kinematic and spatio-temporal gait analysis, we report the impact of low frequency (40 Hz) unilateral PPTg DBS in ten patients suffering from idiopathic Parkinson's disease with drug-resistant gait and axial disabilities. Patients were studied for gait initiation (GI) and steady-state level walking (LW) under residual drug therapy. In the LW study, a straight walking task was employed. Patients were compared with healthy age-matched controls. The analysis revealed that GI, cadence, stride length and left pelvic tilt range of motion (ROM) improved under stimulation. The duration of the S1 and S2 sub-phases of the anticipatory postural adjustment phase of GI was not affected by stimulation, however a significant improvement was observed in the S1 sub-phase in both the backward shift of centre of pressure and peak velocity. Speed during the swing phase, step width, stance duration, right pelvic tilt ROM phase, right and left hip flexion-extension ROM, and right and left knee ROM were not modified. Overall, the results show that unilateral PPTg DBS may affect GI and specific spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters during unconstrained walking on a straight trajectory, thus providing further support to the importance of the PPTg in the modulation of gait in neurodegenerative disorders.

[Stabilometric analysis in patients affected by maculopathy]. / Analisi stabilometrica in pazienti maculopatici.

OBJECTIVES: The walk is strictly influenced by vision, that's essential for the position of the body in the space during the walk cycle and the postural control. The quality of life related to the vision is widely highlighted in literature: for example Brown et al. in 2005 underlined the comparison from DMLE and chronic ills, like HIV, angina, dialysis, advanced prostate tumor, stroke, and heart attack. Peripheral low vision appeared the most crippling aspect to the walk, but in recent years a lot of studies stressed the walk difficulty in patients with central low vision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study has been carried out in partnership between Ophtalmic Department and Physiatrist Department. Its aim was to evaluate static posture in patients affected by maculopathy. We picked out subjects affected by maculopathy with central low vision due to a variety of causes but with preserved peripheral vision. RESULTS: Test trials had the purpose to investigate different aspects of static posture, in subjects affected by central low vision. It was related to risk of falling and faulty postures, that are pathologically in a long term. CONCLUSIONS: Our study claimed that in stabilometric analysis the differences between patients affected by maculopathy and control group aren't statistically significant.

Patient-oriented rehabilitation in the management of chronic mechanical neck pain: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Management of chronic mechanical neck pain (CMNP) still represents a challenge. A patient-oriented (Pa-O) therapeutic approach could be considered as the one in which therapies are scheduled at the start of each therapeutic session according to the patient's current physical status, and differs from a prescription-oriented (Pr-O) therapeutic approach, in which therapies are prescribed at the first medical referral and are not adjusted at any time during the treatment period. AIM: To determine if a Pa-O approach may be more beneficial for CMNP patients when compared to a Pr-O one. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. POPULATION: 220 CMNP outpatients randomized to either Pa-O group (N.=114) or Pr-O group (N.=106). METHODS: Each group received 10 therapeutic sessions over 3 weeks. Primary outcome measures were pain assessment, evaluated by Visual-Analog-Scale (VAS), and disability level, evaluated by the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPDS-I). Secondary outcome measures included patients' response to treatment and treatment failures. Measurements were carried out at baseline (T0) and 1 month after treatment ended (T1). Data were analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: Patients in both groups displayed at T1 a significant reduction in VAS and NPDS-I scores. The relative changes at T1 were greater in Pa-O group when compared with Pr-O group both for VAS (61.5% versus 48.8%; P<0.005) and for NPDS-I scores (48.4% versus 36.8%; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: A Pa-O approach may be more beneficial in terms of pain and disability improvement in the short-term follow-up in suffers from CMNP. However, the occurrence of a performance-bias due to the increased level of attention from physicians to patients in Pa-O group, cannot be ruled-out. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: A Pa-O approach should be considered for CMNP also in an outpatient facility.

Ultrasound-guided aspiration and corticosteroid injection compared to horizontal therapy for treatment of knee osteoarthritis complicated with Baker's cyst: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Combining different therapies, physical therapy agents, pharmacological and physical therapies, generally produces better outcomes for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (OA) than do isolated therapies. AIM: To demonstrate if horizontal therapy (HT) and aspiration alone and corticosteroid injection alone or in combination determine pain relief and functional improvement in a group of patients with knee OA complicated with Baker's cyst (BC). DESIGN: We designed a randomized controlled trial (RCT). SETTING: Outpatients. POPULATION: Sixty patients with a knee OA and diagnosis of BC confirmed by means of standard ultrasound (US) evaluation. METHODS: The trial was conducted as a randomized, controlled trial. Patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were randomized to either the US-guided (Ultrasound Guided BC aspiration and corticosteroid injection group (Group A), the Horizontal Therapy group (Group B) or the US-guided BC aspiration and corticosteroid injection plus Horizontal therapy group (Group C). Outcome measures included: 1) pain reduction as measured by visual analogue scale (VAS); 2) functional improvement, as measured by WOMAC; and 3) US evaluation at baseline (T0), at one (T1) and four (T2) weeks follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were randomized into group A (N.=20), group B (N.=20) or Group C (N.=20). Patients in group A and in group C, but not those in group B maintained lower pain level at T2 than at baseline, with significant lower VAS values in Group C. As regards US measurements, the maximum axial area did not change as a consequence of the treatment in any of the three groups (P=0.259). Contrarily, sagittal area measurements were influenced by time (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Our results show that the group with the best performance for pain, functionality and dimension of BC was that in which combined use was made of horizontal and corticosteroid injection therapies. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: In this study we want to demonstrate the effectiveness of Horizontal Therapy in the treatment of knee OA complicated by BC.

Physical characteristics, pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy of the ketoprofen patch: a new patch formulation.

OBJECTIVE: The mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), to which ketoprofen belongs, is based on their cyclo-oxigenase (COX) inhibiting action, concerning both subtype COX-1 constitutive isoform and COX-2 inducible isoform. Ketoprofen administration may be carried out by oral and parenteral routes as well as by topical application, which includes transdermic patch use. Following a synthetic description of the results obtained by several investigators on ketoprofen use, the Authors present a new formulation of the ketoprofen patch obtained by the so called DermaLight Technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: According to such a technique, the active principle is dissolved in oil components and dispersed inside an anhydrous polymeric matrix made up of styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), which is an elastic and flexible material that provides a gentle adhesion to the skin, maintains an elevated ketoprofen concentration and induces a strong thrust that favours the crossing of the skin by the drug; in addition, the patch is fit to be applied to the various areas of the body, including the joints. RESULTS: Patch adhesiveness reduces skin irritation due to multiple applications and to long-term use, as the DermaLight Technology minimises keratinocytes exfoliation. In pharmacokinetic studies carried out on pigs ketoprofen has been demonstrated to reach deep tissues, where the drug was detected in much higher concentrations, with respect to plasma levels, 12 hours following its application. Experimental studies carried out on rats have shown that ketoprofen patch significantly reduces the edema induced by chronic inflammation. The ulcerogenic effect of ketoprofen patch is then compared with that shown by oral administration of the drug. UD50 values of ketoprofen patch were 49.9 mg/kg and 48.9 mg/kg for the stomach and the small intestine, respectively, whereas UD50 values of oral ketoprofen were 3.6 mg/kg and 3.7 mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Authors conclude by stating that ketoprofen patch is both a good alternative and a safe modality of administration, with special reference to patients who are prone to gastrointestinal disorders.