Pyrethroid insecticides pose greater risk than organophosphate insecticides to biocontrol agents for human schistosomiasis.

Use of agrochemicals, including insecticides, is vital to food production and predicted to increase 2-5 fold by 2050. Previous studies have shown a positive association between agriculture and the human infectious disease schistosomiasis, which is problematic as this parasitic disease infects approximately 250 million people worldwide. Certain insecticides might runoff fields and be highly toxic to invertebrates, such as prawns in the genus Macrobrachium, that are biocontrol agents for snails that transmit the parasites causing schistosomiasis. We used a laboratory dose-response experiment and an observational field study to determine the relative toxicities of three pyrethroid (esfenvalerate, λ-cyhalothrin, and permethrin) and three organophosphate (chlorpyrifos, malathion, and terbufos) insecticides to Macrobrachium prawns. In the lab, pyrethroids were consistently several orders of magnitude more toxic than organophosphate insecticides, and more likely to runoff fields at lethal levels according to modeling data. At 31 water contact sites in the lower basin of the Senegal River where schistosomiasis is endemic, we found that Macrobrachium prawn survival was associated with pyrethroid but not organophosphate application rates to nearby crop fields after controlling for abiotic and prawn-level factors. Our laboratory and field results suggest that widely used pyrethroid insecticides can have strong non-target effects on Macrobrachium prawns that are biocontrol agents where 400 million people are at risk of human schistosomiasis. Understanding the ecotoxicology of high-risk insecticides may help improve human health in schistosomiasis-endemic regions undergoing agricultural expansion.

Sudden Cardiac Death Following Thrombolysis in a Young Woman with Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a well-known cause of acute coronary syndrome. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the most common presentation of SCAD, which can be complicated by sudden cardiac death (SCD). Conservative management is the cornerstone of treatment except in case of ongoing ischemia or large myocardial compromise. CASE REPORT A 34-year-old woman presented with an anterior STEMI, diagnosed by the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) team, which performed fibrinolysis. SCD resulting from ventricular fibrillation occurred soon after thrombolysis was started. Her pulsed was palpable following defibrillation, and she was immediately intubated. A coronary angiogram (CA) showed total occlusion with dye staining contrast of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Echocardiogram showed a severe drop in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF 20%). She was treated with dobutamine and intra-aortic balloon pump implantation because of her poor hemodynamic status. Rescue angioplasty was performed with a drug-eluting stent implanted from the left main stem toward the proximal LAD. However, she developed hemorrhagic shock due to active liver bleeding that was surgically treated. At 3 months, she was asymptomatic, her LVEF had improved (45%), and elective CA showed quite normal coronary arteries. Optical coherence tomography showed residual hematoma as "lunar crescent" and stent under-expansion. The latter was fixed by post-dilatations. CONCLUSIONS Our case adds to the evidence that thrombolysis leads to poor outcomes in patients with SCAD, as reported in numerous reports. OCT was used to confirm, a posteriori, the diagnosis of SCAD. Rescue angioplasty was necessary in our patient due to poor hemodynamic status following unsuccessful fibrinolysis.

Clinical Presentation, Risk Factor, and Outcomes of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Women at an Urban Referral Center in Dakar, Senegal.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is on the rise in Sub-Saharan countries. Recently, consistent studies have reported sex differences in the epidemiology of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Although, data on the incidence of ACS in Sub-Saharan countries are not rare, few focused closely on women. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine risk factors, clinical presentations, and management strategies in women with ACS. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Cardiology Department of Principal Hospital of Dakar over a period of 60 months (January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014), in Dakar, Senegal. Medical records of female subjects admitted for ACS on the basis of anginal pain at rest, suggestive electrocardiographic changes, and elevated troponin I levels were included. We collected and analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and evolutionary data of the patients. RESULTS: Hospital prevalence of ACS in women was 2.32%, meaning 38.1% of patients were admitted for ACS during the same period. The mean age of patients was 68.8 ± 9.5 years; 52% of them were aged between 60 and 69 years. The risk factors in our patients were dominated by hypertension found (63.3%) and diabetes (54.1%). Active smoking was found in 6 patients (6.1%). One-half of patients had more than 1 risk factor. Chest pain was present in 94 patients (95.9%). The average time delay before medical care was administered was 53.9 ± 18 h. Thirty patients showed signs of left ventricular failure (Killip classes I and II). Electrocardiography revealed ACS with persistent ST-segment elevation in 53 patients (54.1%) and non-ST-segment elevation ACS in 45 patients (45.9%). Mean troponin I level was 1.68 ± 2.3 ng/ml. Doppler echocardiography revealed impaired segmental kinetics in more than one-half of patients. The mean ventricular ejection fraction was 43.8 ± 10.1%. Thrombolysis was performed in 10 patients, accounting for 10.2% of patients with ST-segment elevation. The evolution during hospitalization after a mean hospital stay of 9.5 ± 3.7 days was favorable in 66 patients (67.3%). Six deaths (6.1%) were recorded. Complications was dominated by pulmonary edema. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that ACS is not a "man's only" disease in Sub-Saharan countries. The major concern is that there appeared to be continuing evidence of suboptimal treatment and intervention in women with ACS in current practice.

[Ramp lesions : Tips and tricks in diagnostics and therapy]. / Rampenläsionen : Tipps und Tricks in Diagnostik und Therapie.

There is an increasing biomechanical and anatomical understanding of the different types of meniscal lesions. Lesions of the posterior part of the medial meniscus in the meniscosynovial area have recently received increased attention. They generally occur in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. They are often missed ("hidden lesions") due to the fact that they cannot be seen by routine anterior arthroscopic inspection. Furthermore, meniscosynovial lesions play a role in anteroposterior knee laxity and, as such, they may be a cause of failure of ACL reconstruction or of postoperative persistent laxity. Little information is available regarding their cause with respect to injury mechanism, natural history, biomechanical implications, healing potential and treatment options. This article presents an overview of the currently available knowledge of these ramp lesions, their possible pathomechanism, classification, biomechanical relevance as well as repair techniques.

[Imaging and preoperative planning for osteotomies around the knee]. / Bildgebung und präoperative Planung bei perigenikulären Osteotomien.

Physiologic alignment of the human lower leg is well defined. The etiology for malalignment comprises constitutional, degenerative and posttraumatic conditions. Osteotomies around the knee can correct the malalignment, provided that the origin of deviation is in proximity of the knee center. Crucial factors for the evaluation of axis deviation are the weight-bearing line, the mechanical axes of femur and tibia, the joint line angles and the center of the hip, knee and upper ankle joint. Careful preoperative planning is mandatory for reproducible clinical results. For the treatment of varus osteoarthritis of the knee, a slight overcorrection to the 62% width of the lateral tibial plateau is frequently advocated. In valgus knees, a correction of the postoperative weight-bearing line to physiologic conditions (44% of the lateral tibial width) is regarded to be sufficient. Recently, individualized planning of the correction angle is advocated to better address the underlying pathology of each patient.

[Prevention of lateral cortex fractures in open wedge high tibial osteotomies : The anteroposterior drill hole approach]. / Verhinderung einer Fraktur der Gegenkortikalis bei aufklappender Osteotomie : Anteroposteriore Bohrung als Lösungsansatz.

BACKGROUND: In osteotomies with larger correction angles, the capacity for elastic deformation is frequently exceeded, resulting in plastic deformation and fracture of the opposite cortex, which may lead to subsequent loss of correction. An anteroposterior drill hole at the apex of the horizontal osteotomy (= hinge) is supposed to increase the capacity of the bony hinge for elastic deformation and ideally to prevent fractures of the opposite cortex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A high tibial osteotomy (HTO) using standard surgical technique was performed in 20 each of Synbones, Sawbones, and human cadaver tibial specimens. In 10 specimens per group, an additional anteroposterior hinge drilling was performed at the apex of the horizontal osteotomy. All fractures of the opposite cortex were photographically and radiographically documented. All fractures were classified according to fracture types 1-3 of the Takeuchi classification. RESULTS: Regardless of the study group, all tibial bones with an additional hinge drilling achieved larger correction angles during the spreading of the wedge until a fracture of the opposite cortex occurred. The average correction angle of all specimens without the drill hole was 2.7°, which increased to 4.8° with the hinge drill (increase by 77.8%). In correction angles exceeding 5°, all specimen showed a hinge fracture regardless of the presence or absence of a hinge drill. CONCLUSIONS: The hinge-protecting effect is restricted to small correction angles, i. e., to unload cartilage repair regions in the absence of severe malalignment. For the treatment of varus gonarthrosis, there is no fracture-protecting effect from a hinge drill.

[​Biomechanics of new implants for HTO]. / Biomechanik neuer Implantate für die HTO.

Biomechanical characteristics of 5 tibial osteotomy plates for the treatment of medial knee joint osteoarthritis were examined. Fourth-generation tibial bone composites underwent a medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy, using TomoFix™ standard, PEEKPower®, ContourLock®, TomoFix™ small stature plates, and iBalance® implants. Static compression load to failure and load-controlled cyclic fatigue failure tests were performed. All plates had sufficient stability up to 2400 N in the static compression load to failure tests. Screw breakage in the iBalance® group and opposite cortex fractures in all constructs occurred at lower loading conditions. The highest fatigue strength in terms of maximal load and number of cycles performed prior to failure was observed for the ContourLock® group followed by the iBalance® implants, the TomoFix™ standard and small stature plates. PEEKPower® had the lowest fatigue strength. All plates showed sufficient stability under static loading. Compared to the TomoFix™ and the PEEKPower® plates, the ContourLock® plate and iBalance® implant showed a higher mechanical fatigue strength during cyclic fatigue testing, suggesting that both mechanical static and fatigue strength increase with a wider proximal T­shaped plate design together with diverging proximal screws. Mechanical strength of the bone-implant constructs decreases with a narrow T­shaped proximal end design and converging proximal screws (TomoFix™) or a short vertical plate design (PEEKPower®). Published results indicate high fusion rates and good clinical results with the TomoFix™ plate, which is contrary to our findings. A certain amount of interfragmentary motion rather than high mechanical strength and stiffness seem to be important for bone healing which is outside the scope of this paper.

Macroscopic cartilage repair scoring of defect fill, integration and total points correlate with corresponding items in histological scoring systems - a study in adult sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate osteochondral repair assessed by validated macroscopic scoring systems with established semiquantitative histological analyses in an ovine model and to test the hypothesis that important macroscopic individual categories correlate with their corresponding histological counterparts. METHODS: In the weight-bearing portion of medial femoral condyles (n = 38) of 19 female adult Merino sheep (age 2-4 years; weight 70 ± 20 kg) full-thickness chondral defects were created (size 4 × 8 mm; International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade 3C) and treated with Pridie drilling. After sacrifice, 1520 blinded macroscopic observations from three observers at 2-3 time points including five different macroscopic scoring systems demonstrating all grades of cartilage repair where correlated with corresponding categories from 418 blinded histological sections. RESULTS: Categories "defect fill" and "total points" of different macroscopic scoring systems correlated well with their histological counterparts from the Wakitani and Sellers scores (all P ≤ 0.001). "Integration" was assessed in both histological scoring systems and in the macroscopic ICRS, Oswestry and Jung scores. Here, a significant relationship always existed (0.020 ≤ P ≤ 0.049), except for Wakitani and Oswestry (P = 0.054). No relationship was observed for the "surface" between histology and macroscopy (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Major individual morphological categories "defect fill" and "integration", and "total points" of macroscopic scoring systems correlate with their corresponding categories in elementary and complex histological scoring systems. Thus, macroscopy allows to precisely predict key histological aspects of articular cartilage repair, underlining the specific value of macroscopic scoring for examining cartilage repair.

Oncogenic Ras differentially regulates metabolism and anoikis in extracellular matrix-detached cells.

In order for cancer cells to survive during metastasis, they must overcome anoikis, a caspase-dependent cell death process triggered by extracellular matrix (ECM) detachment, and rectify detachment-induced metabolic defects that compromise cell survival. However, the precise signals used by cancer cells to facilitate their survival during metastasis remain poorly understood. We have discovered that oncogenic Ras facilitates the survival of ECM-detached cancer cells by using distinct effector pathways to regulate metabolism and block anoikis. Surprisingly, we find that while Ras-mediated phosphatidylinositol (3)-kinase signaling is critical for rectifying ECM-detachment-induced metabolic deficiencies, the critical downstream effector is serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) rather than Akt. Our data also indicate that oncogenic Ras blocks anoikis by diminishing expression of the phosphatase PHLPP1 (PH Domain and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 1), which promotes anoikis through the activation of p38 MAPK. Thus, our study represents a novel paradigm whereby oncogene-initiated signal transduction can promote the survival of ECM-detached cells through divergent downstream effectors.

There is no such thing like a single ACL injury: Profiles of ACL-injured patients.

BACKGROUND: Current ACL registries rarely include non-operatively treated patients thus delivering an incomplete picture of the ACL-injured population. The aim of this study was to get an image of the population and treatment decision of an intrahospital registry. Our hypotheses were that patient-specific subtypes can be identified and that the percentage of operated patients differs between them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and forty-six operated and non-operated patients were included from March 2011 to December 2013. Standardized questionnaires allowed for data collection on gender, age, sports practice and previous ACL injuries. Chi-square tests allowed to compare these parameters between genders and age groups. A cluster analysis was computed to determine profiles of patients with similar characteristics. RESULTS: Three age groups were considered (I: ≤20; II: 21-35; III: ≥36 years). For males, the highest frequency of injuries was noted in group II with a greater proportion of injuries compared to females. In group III, more females were injured than males. Before injury, 54% patients were involved in competitive sports. Males were more likely to be injured in pivoting/contact sports before 35 and females during recreational skiing after 35. Twenty-one percent of the patients had had a previous ACL injury. The percentage of surgical treatment was superior to 80% in patients under 35 years involved in competitive sports, of 60-80% for those not involved in competitive sports and inferior to 60% for patients above 35 years. DISCUSSION: Systematic data collection allowed to identify specific subtypes of ACL-injured patient according to gender, age, previous ACL injury and preinjury level of practice. The decision-making process for or against ACL reconstructions at time of presentation depended on these characteristics. Consideration of these parameters will serve as a basis for an individualized treatment approach and a better understanding of patients at risk for ACL injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Combined anterior and rotational knee laxity measurements improve the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injuries.

PURPOSE: This study analysed whether associating the side-to-side difference in displacement and the slope of the load-displacement curve of anterior and rotational knee laxity measurements would improve the instrumental diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures and help to detect different types of ACL tears. METHODS: Anterior and rotational knee laxity was measured in 128 patients with an arthroscopically confirmed ACL injury and 104 healthy controls. Side-to-side differences were determined for three variables in anterior laxity: anterior displacement at 200 N (ATD200), primary compliance from 30 to 50 N (PCA) and secondary compliance from 100 to 200 N (SCA). Furthermore, four variables in rotational laxity were considered: internal and external rotation at 5 N m (IR5/ER5) and compliance from 2 to 5 N m (C IR/C ER). Receiver operating characteristic curves allowed to determine thresholds, specificities and sensitivities to detect ACL lesions, based on single variables considered and combinations thereof. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity reached, respectively, 75 and 95 % for ATD200 (threshold: 1.2 mm) and 38 and 95 % for IR5 (threshold: 3.2°). If either two out of the three variables were positive for anterior laxity or both IR5 and C IR were positive, 81 % of patients were identified without a false positive. All patients for whom ATD200 was >3.7 mm, PCA > 48 µm/N or SCA > 17.5 µm/N had ACL remnants that were either totally resorbed or healed on the posterior cruciate ligament. CONCLUSION: Combined instrumented anterior and rotational knee laxity measurements have excellent diagnostic value for ACL injury, provided that several measurements be considered concomitantly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic study, Level III.

[Osteotomy techniques close to the knee. Effect on wedge volume and bony contact surface]. / Kniegelenknahe Osteotomietechniken. Effekt auf Keilvolumina und knöcherne Kontaktflächen.

BACKGROUND: Bone geometry following osteotomy around the knee suggests that biplanar rather than uniplanar open wedge techniques simultaneously create smaller wedge volumes and larger bone surface areas. However, precise data on the bone surface area and wedge volume resulting from both open and closed wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) techniques remain unknown. OBJECTIVES: It was hypothesized that biplanar rather than uniplanar osteotomy techniques better reflect the ideal geometrical requirements for bone healing, representing a large cancellous bone surface combined with a small wedge volume. METHODS: Tibial and femoral artificial bones were assigned to four different groups of valgisation and varisation osteotomy consisting of open wedge and closed wedge techniques in a uniplanar and biplanar fashion. Bone surface areas of all osteotomy planes were quantified. Wedge volumes were determined using a prism-based algorithm and applying standardized wedge heights of 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm. RESULTS: Both femoral and tibial biplanar osteotomy techniques created larger contact areas and smaller wedge volumes compared to the uniplanar open wedge techniques. CONCLUSION: Although this idealized geometrical view of bony geometry excludes all biological factors that might influence bone healing, the current data suggest a general rule for the standard osteotomy techniques applied and all surgical modifications: reducing the amount of slow gap healing and simultaneously increasing the area of faster contact healing may be beneficial for osteotomy healing. Thus, biplanar rather than uniplanar osteotomy should be performed for osteotomy around the knee.

[Open wedge osteotomy of the tibial head. Management of vascular complications]. / Aufklappende Osteotomie des Tibiakopfes. Management von vaskulären Komplikationen.

BACKGROUND: Lesions of the popliteal artery during high tibial osteotomy are rare complications, consequently the majority of publications are case related. The interval between surgery and diagnosis is reported to be as long 3 years; therefore, the current literature probably does not reflect the true incidence of vascular injuries. OBJECTIVE: The case reports published in the literature were further evaluated. The focus was on the normal vascular anatomy of the popliteal region and anatomical deviations that predispose to vascular injury. As the flexion angle of the knee joint is considered to be decisive for vascular injury, this aspect was also an additional focus. For the unlikely event of a vascular injury, recommendations are presented which indicate diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. METHODS: We analyzed the available literature and present own magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations of the popliteal artery with different angles of flexion in six healthy volunteers. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A variation of the origin of the anterior tibial artery with a course between the posterior tibial cortex and the popliteal muscle was found in 6% of all patients and predisposes to an accidental injury during osteotomy. The results in the literature and our own MRI findings suggest that a flexion angle of 90° facilitates anatomical dissection and osteotomy but cannot be regarded as a reliable protection against vascular injury.

2D and 3D MOCART scoring systems assessed by 9.4 T high-field MRI correlate with elementary and complex histological scoring systems in a translational model of osteochondral repair.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the 2D and 3D MOCART system obtained with 9.4 T high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the ex vivo analysis of osteochondral repair in a translational model and to correlate the data with semiquantitative histological analysis. METHODS: Osteochondral samples representing all levels of repair (sheep medial femoral condyles; n = 38) were scanned in a 9.4 T high-field MRI. The 2D and adapted 3D MOCART systems were used for grading after point allocation to each category. Each score was correlated with corresponding reconstructions between both MOCART systems. Data were next correlated with corresponding categories of an elementary (Wakitani) and a complex (Sellers) histological scoring system as gold standards. RESULTS: Correlations between most 2D and 3D MOCART score categories were high, while mean total point values of 3D MOCART scores tended to be 15.8-16.1 points higher compared to the 2D MOCART scores based on a Bland-Altman analysis. "Defect fill" and "total points" of both MOCART scores correlated with corresponding categories of Wakitani and Sellers scores (all P ≤ 0.05). "Subchondral bone plate" also correlated between 3D MOCART and Sellers scores (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Most categories of the 2D and 3D MOCART systems correlate, while total scores were generally higher using the 3D MOCART system. Structural categories "total points" and "defect fill" can reliably be assessed by 9.4 T MRI evaluation using either system, "subchondral bone plate" using the 3D MOCART score. High-field MRI is valuable to objectively evaluate osteochondral repair in translational settings.

[Structural changes in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment after high tibial osteotomy]. / Strukturelle Veränderungen im lateralen femorotibialen Kompartiment nach Tibiakopfosteotomie.

BACKGROUND: Valgus high tibial osteotomy (HTO) increases the pressure in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work is to provide an overview about current knowledge on the effect of HTO on the lateral tibiofemoral osteochondral unit and lateral meniscus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies in translational models on the effect of medial opening wedge HTO on the lateral tibiofemoral osteochondral unit and lateral meniscus are reviewed and placed in the clinical perspective. Emphasis is placed on specific correlations between topographical alterations of the cartilage, subchondral bone, and meniscus in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. DISCUSSION: Specific topographical relationships exist in the central region between the articular cartilage and subchondral bone plate thickness, and in the submeniscal periphery between the articular cartilage and lateral meniscus, emphasizing the important protective role of the lateral meniscus. Following standard correction, the pressure increase in the lateral compartment following valgus HTO does not induce significant structural changes in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. A higher increase in pressure following valgus overcorrection induces adaptive changes in the lateral compartment, reflected by an increased specific bone surface (BS/BV) in the subarticular spongiosa compared with unloading by varisation. Valgus overcorrection also leads to a decrease in the number of cells in the red-red (peripheral) zone of the middle third of the lateral menisci, without structural changes. RESULTS: In conjunction with the clinical data these results show that opening wedge HTO is a safe procedure for the lateral tibial osteochondral unit and the lateral meniscus.

[Medial unicondylar knee replacement]. / Die mediale monokondyläre Kniegelenkprothese.

BACKGROUND: Unicondylar knee replacement (UKA) is a viable alternative to high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and total knee replacement in the treatment of medial osteoarthritis of the knee. With the correct indication, the results of UKA and HTO are comparable. RESULTS: In comparison with the results of total knee replacements, UKA leads to faster rehabilitation, superior postoperative range of motion, and higher postoperative activity levels. Despite the excellent long-term results, the survival rate is inferior to the results of total knee replacement. The major causes for failure are progression of osteoarthritis in the lateral and patellofemoral joint as well as the loosening of the tibial component. CONCLUSION: The conversion to total knee replacement can mostly be performed without problems. However, the expected results are inferior to primary total knee replacement and the reported revision rates are higher.

Iliopubic subcutaneous plate osteosynthesis for osteoporotic fractures of the anterior pelvic ring. An alternative to the supra-acetabular external fixator.

The majority of fractures of the anterior pelvic ring is treated non-operatively. However, a number of patients do not get pain free and cannot be mobilized. Since the supra-acetabular external fixator is associated with significant complications we developed an alternative technique based on recent anatomical studies. This article is a clinical feasibility study to evaluate a novel stabilization technique for fractures of the anterior pelvic ring in the elderly patient. This technique obtains rapid pain reduction and early ambulation in this group of patients.

Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index affect substrate oxidation during a controlled weight cycle in healthy men.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Because both, glycemic index (GI) and carbohydrate content of the diet increase insulin levels and could thus impair fat oxidation, we hypothesized that refeeding a low GI, moderate-carbohydrate diet facilitates weight maintenance. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Healthy men (n=32, age 26.0±3.9 years; BMI 23.4±2.0 kg/m(2)) followed 1 week of controlled overfeeding, 3 weeks of caloric restriction and 2 weeks of hypercaloric refeeding (+50, -50 and +50% energy requirement) with low vs high GI (41 vs 74) and moderate vs high CHO intake (50% vs 65% energy). We measured adaptation of fasting macronutrient oxidation and the capacity to supress fat oxidation during an oral glucose tolerance test. Changes in fat mass were measured by quantitative magnetic resonance. RESULTS: During overfeeding, participants gained 1.9±1.2 kg body weight, followed by a weight loss of -6.3±0.6 kg and weight regain of 2.8±1.0 kg. Subjects with 65% CHO gained more body weight compared with 50% CHO diet (P<0.05) particularly with HGI meals (P<0.01). Refeeding a high-GI diet led to an impaired basal fat oxidation when compared with a low-GI diet (P<0.02), especially at 65% CHO intake. Postprandial metabolic flexibility was unaffected by refeeding at 50% CHO but clearly impaired by 65% CHO diet (P<0.05). Impairment in fasting fat oxidation was associated with regain in fat mass (r=0.43, P<0.05) and body weight (r=0.35; P=0.051). CONCLUSIONS: Both higher GI and higher carbohydrate content affect substrate oxidation and thus the regain in body weight in healthy men. These results argue in favor of a lower glycemic load diet for weight maintenance after weight loss.