Physicochemical and electrochemical characterisation of imidazolium based IL + GBL mixtures as electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.

Ionic liquid/organic solvent mixtures are investigated as potential optimal electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that can combine low flammability, good thermal stability and high electrical conductivity. In this work the standard ionic association constants of different 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([Cnmim]+, n is the number of C in the alkyl side chain - 2, 4, 6 or 8) TFSI- based ionic liquids (ILs) in γ-butyrolactone (GBL) are determined using the low concentration Chemical Model (lcCM). Based on the values of for ILs in GBL and earlier physicochemical systematic investigations in that solvent, the system with the lowest was selected for the preparation of the LiTFSI/C2mimTFSI/GBL electrolyte for testing TiO2 nanotube arrays as anode material for LIBs. In an attempt to realize LIBs with enhanced safety, we report herein a comparative study of the electrochemical properties of LiTFSI/C2mimTFSI/GBL and an electrolyte containing an IL without acidic C(2)H on the imidazolium cation, namely, LiTFSI/C2mmimTFSI/GBL. The presence of GBL can improve the reduction stability of imidazolium-based ILs and GBL in LiTFSI/IL/GBL-based electrolytes. It was shown that TiO2 nanotube structures display stable galvanostatic cycling in the LiTFSI/C2mimTFSI/GBL electrolyte after 350 full (dis-)charge cycles and after cell exposure to T = 328.15 K.

[Psychosocial research during the war in Sarajevo]. / Psihosocijalna istrazivanja u toku rata u Sarajevu.

War in Bosnia and Herzegovina has caused many psychic and social breakdowns. The consequences on mental health of the war which caused stress are of importance, as well as influences on psychic functioning of individuals are caused by changes in social structure of population and economic potential of the society. Project "Psycho-social aspects of war in BiH" carried out within the frame of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Department of Psychiatry of Clinical Center of Sarajevo University. In this article are given the results of the Project, but only partially. The investigations showed that the number of patients visiting hospitals during the war was greatly increased in the field of stress reactions and reactive psychoses. But incidence and prevalence of alcohol psychoses decreased. Findings are the same for out patient clinics. The field investigation on the free territories of Sarajevo s communities shows enormous increase of mental disorders among the citizens: neurotic over 40%, psychotic about 20% and that is, together, more than 60% of the population of the town Sarajevo were disturbed at that time. Among the children and adolescents there was an increase of neurotic and psychotic disorders in the very beginning of the first year of the war, and decrease of the same diagnoses during the second year. This might be explained by particular adaptation of the youngsters to war conditions. When we are talking about invalidity of neurological and psychiatric disorders, the investigations showed that illness is the mostly caused by invalidity (85.1%) among the global invalidity during the war in Sarajevo. Injuries before the war were at 3%, during the war are 11% of cases. But, all those shows temporary, because war caused invalidity more and we are expecting to registration later. Our investigation among the refugee camps and population in Sarajevo shows that "life equipment" among the displaced persons was lower than domestic people. That shows that after the phase of surviving this part of the population was at risk of many psycho-social problems. Also, our investigation shows that very low socio-economical level of inhabitants of Sarajevo leads to the potential of absolutely poverty. The indicators of this trend are: low level of education, very low life standard, unemployment, bad health conditions etc. Among refugees all those indicators are worse. Criminality in Sarajevo during the war has been increased, particularly among adolescents. One fifth of contents of daily newspaper "Oslobodenje" has been during the war oriented to the health system problems.

[Social and psychological aspects of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1993]. / Socijalni i psiholoski aspekti oslobodilackog rata 1992/93. godine u republici Bosni i Hercegovini.

Every war is the deepest compassion of political fightings turned out with weapon in purpose of biological, economic, social, political and culture destroying of people. This aggression has all these components. Aggressors are Serbia and Monte Negro, and Croatia, and extreme Serbs and Croats living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and their purpose is the destroying of Bosnian State, and its division into ethnic rules, and making great Serbia and Croatia. This inormal dirty war (war against the civilians, there are no two armies, genocid war, destroying one population) makes injuries, illnesses. It makes hard social economic changes, which change the whole life of the population, making striking changes of spirit and life of people. The most important fact which the people have in war is fear for own family and social survival. Main characteristics of the war is the horrible violence: killing people, raping, kidnapping and torturing in the concentration camps, robbing everything that worth, and making people refugees. This is the war against the civilisation. The last consequences of all these are deep emotional changes in people and groups, and this is the biggest social and medical problem of the community. That is the theme of this project.