Practice Patterns in the Treatment and Monitoring of Acute T Cell-Mediated Kidney Graft Rejection in Canada.

BACKGROUND: One of the goals of the Canadian National Transplant Research Program (CNTRP) is to develop novel therapies for acute rejection that could positively affect graft outcomes with greater efficacy or less toxicity. To develop innovative management strategies for kidney graft rejection, new modalities need to be compared with current clinical practices. However, there are no standardized practices concerning the management of acute T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR). OBJECTIVES: To describe clinicians' practice patterns in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of acute TCMR in Canada. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Canadian transplant nephrologists and transplant surgeons involved in the management of acute TCMR. METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS: We developed an anonymous, web-based survey consisting of questions related to the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of TCMR. The survey was disseminated on 3 occasions between June and October 2016 through the Canadian Society of Transplantation (CST) kidney group electronic mailing list. RESULTS: Forty-seven respondents, mostly transplant nephrologists (97%), originating from at least 18 of the 25 Canadian centers offering adult or pediatric kidney transplantation, participated in the study. Surveillance biopsies were used by 28% of respondents to screen for kidney graft rejection. High-dose steroids were used by most of the respondents to treat clinical and subclinical Banff grade 1A and 1B rejections. Nine percent (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1-17) of practitioners used lymphocyte-depleting agents as the first-line approach for the treatment of Banff grade 1B acute rejection. Eighteen percent (95% CI: 7-29) and 36% (95% CI: 8-65) of respondents reported that they would not use high-dose steroids for treating clinical and subclinical borderline rejections, respectively. Seventy percent (95% CI: 54-83) of respondents answered that there was no indication to assess histological response to treatment independent of the change in kidney function. LIMITATIONS: The limitations of this study are its limited sample size and the low representation of pediatric specialists. CONCLUSIONS: There is heterogeneity regarding the use of surveillance biopsies, treatment of borderline rejection, and modalities to monitor treatment response among transplant physicians. Our results illustrate the current state of practice patterns across Canada and can be used to inform the design of future trials.

CONTEXTE: Un des objectifs du Programme national de recherche en transplantation rénale du Canada (PNRTC) est de développer des traitements plus efficaces et moins toxiques en vue d'améliorer l'issue des greffes. Il est impératif de comparer ces nouvelles modalités aux pratiques cliniques existantes si l'on veut élaborer des stratégies de prise en charge thérapeutiques innovantes. Cependant, en contexte de greffe rénale, il n'existe aucune pratique standardisée pour la prise en charge thérapeutique du rejet aigu à médiation cellulaire (RAMC) provoqué par la cytotoxicité des lymphocytes T. OBJECTIF: Décrire le schéma de pratique des médecins canadiens en matière de diagnostic, de traitement et de monitorage du RAMC. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Il s'agit d'une étude menée sous forme de sondage. PARTICIPANTS: Les chirurgiens et néphrologues en transplantologie impliqués dans la prise en charge du RAMC au Canada. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons préparé un sondage Web anonyme constitué de questions relatives au diagnostic et au monitorage du RAMC. Les répondants visés étaient les abonnés à la liste d'envoi du groupe de transplantation rénale de la Société canadienne de transplantation (SCT). Ils ont reçu le sondage à trois reprises entre juin et octobre 2016. RÉSULTATS: Les répondants, au nombre de 47, étaient en grande majorité des néphrologues transplantologues (97 %). Ils provenaient d'au moins 18 des 25 centres hospitaliers canadiens dans lesquels on pratique des greffes rénales (adultes ou pédiatriques). Vingt-huit pour cent (28 %) des répondants ont recours aux biopsies de surveillance pour évaluer le risque de rejet du greffon. Les stéroïdes administrés à fortes doses sont employés par la plupart des répondants pour traiter les rejets cliniques et infracliniques de stade 1A et 1B (classification de Banff). Les agents de déplétion des lymphocytes sont utilisés par 9 % (IC 95 % : 1-17) des praticiens comme approche thérapeutique de première ligne pour les rejets aigus de stade 1B de Banff. En matière de traitement des cas rejets limites cliniques et infracliniques, 18% (IC 95 % : 7-29) et 36 % (IC 95 % : 8-65) des répondants ont indiqués qu'ils n'emploieraient pas de stéroïdes à forte dose. Enfin, 70 % (IC 95 % : 54-83) des spécialistes sondés jugeaient qu'il n'y avait pas d'indication d'évaluer la réponse histologique au traitement indépendamment de la réponse au traitement en terme de fonction rénale. LIMITES DE L'ÉTUDE: Les résultats du sondage sont limités par le faible nombre de répondants et par la sous-représentation des spécialistes en pédiatrie. CONCLUSION: Chez les médecins sondés, on a constaté des différences dans trois aspects de la prise en charge de la greffe rénale : la fréquence du recours aux biopsies de surveillance, le traitement des cas limites de rejet et les modalités employées pour mesurer la réponse au traitement. Nos résultats témoignent de l'hétérogénéité actuelle des schémas de pratique au Canada et pourraient servir à orienter la conception d'études ultérieures.

Associations between patient factors and adverse events in the home care setting: a secondary data analysis of two canadian adverse event studies.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of patients at who have a higher risk for the occurrence of harm can provide patient safety improvement opportunities. Patient factors contribute to adverse event occurrence. The study aim was to identify a single, parsimonious model of home care patient factors that, regardless of location and differences in home care program management and design factors, could provide a means of locating patients at higher and lower risk of harm. METHODS: Split modeling using secondary analyses of data from two recent Canadian home care patient safety studies was undertaken. Patient factors from the Minimum Data Set Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) for Home Care and diagnoses consistent with ICD-10 and RAI-Mental Health assessment were used. Continuous and categorical measures of factors were considered. Adverse events were defined using World Health Organization taxonomy and measured on a dichotomous yes/no scale. Patient factors significantly associated (Pearson's Chi Square, p ≤ .05) with the occurrence of adverse events in both earlier studies were entered in forward selection regression analyses to locate factors predictive of adverse event occurrence. RESULTS: Instrumental activities of daily living dependency and escalating co-morbidity counts are associated with patient vulnerability to adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Instrumental activities of daily living dependency and burden of illness, both easily identifiable early in the episode of care, are significantly associated with the risk of adverse event occurrence, however there is regional variability in the relationships.

Effect of feedback letters to physicians and pharmacists on the appropriate use of medication in the treatment of asthma.

BACKGROUND: Suboptimal medication treatment of asthma has been reported. More specifically, short-acting beta 2-agonists are overused, while inhaled corticosteroids are underused. This can be related in part to poor adherence by patients to the prescribed regimen and to professionals' failure to comply with practice guidelines. Feedback seems to have an effect on professional practices related to medication use. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of feedback letters to physicians and pharmacists on their patients' appropriate use of asthma medication. METHODS: Two randomized trials were set up in the province of Quebec, Canada: one with physicians and another with pharmacists. A sample of voluntary physicians and pharmacists was randomly assigned to either the experimental group or to the control group. Those in the experimental groups received three consecutive feedback letters over a 9-month period summarizing the asthma medications acquired by their patients over the preceding year. The feedback focused on short-acting beta 2-agonists, long-acting beta 2-agonists and antileukotrienes and provided information on compliance with five appropriate-use criteria. Pharmacists received aggregate profiles and individual profiles with patients' names, while most physicians received aggregate profiles for all their eligible patients. Each mailing also included a pamphlet that summarized practice guidelines on asthma treatment. RESULTS: Seventy-one physicians and 60 pharmacists participated in the study. Physicians who received the feedback letters did not differ from those in the control group in terms of their proportion of prescriptions compliant with the criteria, either before the feedback or after it (p > 0.05). The before-after difference was also similar between groups. The same was true for pharmacists. However, although the before-after difference for criteria 1 (frequency of use of short-acting beta 2-agonists) and 2 (frequency of use of long-acting beta 2-agonists) did not reach the usual statistical significance threshold of 0.05, the p value was under 0.10. CONCLUSIONS: As designed in this study, feedback provided to physicians did not improve the appropriate use of asthma medication. However, feedback to pharmacists is promising, especially when including patients' names so that pharmacists can intervene more specifically.