Association between Uric Acid Levels and the Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Carbonated Beverages in the Korean Population: The 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Elevated uric acid levels are linked with obesity and diabetes. Existing research mainly examines the relationship between sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage (SSB) consumption and uric acid levels. This study explored the association between the quantity and frequency of SSB consumption and elevated uric acid levels in Korean adults. Data from 2881 participants aged 19-64 years (1066 men and 1815 women) in the 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Serum uric acid levels were categorized into quartiles, with the highest defined as high uric acid (men, ≥6.7 mg/dL; women, ≥4.8 mg/dL). SSB consumption was classified into quartiles (almost never, <1 cup (<200 mL), 1-3 cups (200-600 mL), ≥3 cups (≥600 mL)) and frequency into tertiles (almost never, ≤1/week, ≥2/week). Multivariate logistic regression assessed the association, with separate analyses for men and women. Increased daily SSB consumption and frequency were significantly associated with high uric acid levels in men but not in women. After adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics, consuming ≥3 cups (≥600 mL) of SSBs per day and SSBs ≥ 2/week were significantly associated with high serum uric acid levels in men, but this association was not observed in women. The study concludes that increased SSB intake is linked to elevated uric acid levels in Korean men, but not in women.

Association between Breakfast Consumption Frequency and Chronic Inflammation in Korean Adult Males: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018.

Background: Skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to examine the association between breakfast-eating habits and inflammation, using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a marker. Methods: A total of 4,000 Korean adult males with no history of myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, or current smoking were included. Data from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for analysis. The frequency of breakfast consumption was assessed through a questionnaire item in the dietary survey section asking participants about their weekly breakfast consumption routines over the past year. Participants were categorized into two groups, namely "0-2 breakfasts per week" and "3-7 breakfasts per week"; hs-CRP concentrations were measured through blood tests. Results: Comparing between the "infrequent breakfast consumption (0-2 breakfasts per week)" and "frequent breakfast consumption (3-7 breakfasts per week)" groups, the mean hs-CRP was found to be significantly higher in the "infrequent breakfast consumption" group, even after adjusting for age, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides (mean hs-CRP: frequent breakfast consumption, 1.36±0.09 mg/L; infrequent breakfast consumption, 1.17±0.05 mg/L; P-value=0.036). Conclusion: Less frequent breakfast consumption was associated with elevated hs-CRP levels. Further large-scale studies incorporating adjusted measures of daily eating patterns as well as food quality and quantity are required for a deeper understanding of the role of breakfast in the primary prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases.

Communication intervention for families in adult intensive care units during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Restrictions on ICU family visitation during COVID-19 pandemic posed communication challenges for families, patients, and healthcare teams. Diverse approaches were used to overcome communication barriers. As ICUs begin to reinstate family visitation, it is timely to review the lessons learned from these interventions during the pandemic. OBJECTIVES: To identify and evaluate content and qualities of the studies that describe communication interventions for families of adult ICU patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science for studies that (1) involved communication intervention for families in adult ICU settings, (2) were published between January 2020 and September 2022, and (3) were published in English. We excluded studies that were not from peer-reviewed journal articles or in English. RESULTS: Of 2,628 articles initially identified, we reviewed the 23 selected studies (20 non-experimental and 3 experimental studies). Most of the studies were published in 2022 (n = 14, 60.9 %) and conducted in Europe (n = 13, 56.5 %). Various communication methods (e.g., video calls, telephone, applications) were used to provide information, emotional support, and virtual access to patients and their families. Video calls were the most frequently used intervention. Many interventions included healthcare teams providing updates on the patient's condition or treatment to the family. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the adoption of diverse communication approaches for families in ICU settings, despite many limitations, including technical challenges. Insights gained from this experience will help expedite flexibility and diversity in designing communication interventions for ICU family members.

A Phase II Study About Efficacy and Safety of the Continuous IntraVenous Infusion of Ketamine as Adjuvant to Opioids in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients With Refractory Cancer Pain (CIVIK Trial).

BACKGROUND: Ketamine has been used to control refractory cancer pain as an adjuvant to opioids. We conducted a prospective phase II study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 5-day continuous intravenous infusion (CIVI) of Ketamine in terminally ill cancer patients with refractory cancer pain. METHODS: Hospitalized terminally ill cancer patients with refractory cancer pain were enrolled. Refractory cancer pain was indicated by requirements for 4 or more rescue opioids or pain intensity using numerical rating scale > personalized pain goal (PPG) despite of intravenous morphine equivalent daily dose (IV MEDD) ≥ 120 mg/day. The CIVI of ketamine was increased from .05 mg/kg/hour to .5 mg/kg/hour by .05 every 8 hours if pain intensity exceeded PPG or if number of rescue opioids ≥2 during prior 8 hours was required. The primary end-point was overall pain response rate, which indicates complete response (both rescue opioid ≤3/day and pain intensity ≤ PPG) plus partial response (rescue opioid ≤3/day), without unacceptable toxicities. RESULTS: Among 21 eligible patients enrolled between September 2019 and January 2023, 20 were analyzed. Most pain mechanisms were mixed type (n = 15, 75%), with neuropathic component (n = 17, 85%). The baseline background opioids were IV MEDD 186 mg/24hour (range, 124-592), number of rescue opioids was 6 (IQR, 5-9), and median PPG was 4 (IQR, 3-4). The overall pain response rate was 50% (n = 10) including 40% (n = 8) for complete pain response and 10% (n = 2) for partial pain response. CONCLUSION: This study showed efficacy of gradually increasing CIVI of ketamine for terminally ill cancer patients with refractory cancer pain. CIVI of ketamine could be a useful tool in these patients considering the limited treatment options. (NCT03362073, Initial Release: November 15, 2017).

Relationship between Pulse Pressure and Handgrip Strength in the Korean Population: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and strength and low physical performance, and it is closely related to the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Pulse pressure (PP) is a biomarker of arterial stiffness and compliance. Elevated PP levels increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Nevertheless, the association between PP and sarcopenia has not yet been clearly established. Methods: Participant data were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2014 to 2020. The study population was classified into three groups (PP < 40 mmHg, 40 mmHg ≤ PP < 60 mmHg, and PP ≥ 60 mmHg). PP was calculated by deducting the diastolic blood pressure from the systolic blood pressure. For handgrip strength, the maximum value measured with a grip dynamometer was adopted (weak handgrip strength: <28 kg for men, <18 kg for woman; normal handgrip strength: ≥28 kg for men, ≥18 kg for women). To determine the relationship between PP and the prevalence of weak handgrip strength, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for possible confounding factors. Results: The higher PP group had a higher age, body mass index; systolic blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, and maximum handgrip strength. In all models, the prevalence of weak handgrip strength was significantly higher in the group with PP ≥ 60 mmHg compared to the control group (PP < 40 mmHg). Conclusions: Elevated PP was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of weak muscle strength. Thus, PP monitoring may be used to identify individuals at risk of sarcopenia and is helpful in improving health outcomes.

The association between reproductive period and handgrip strength in postmenopausal women: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Menarche and menopause are associated with muscle loss and strength in women. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a reliable measurement method of muscle strength. However, it is unclear whether the entire reproductive period, which encompasses both menarche and menopause, is associated with HGS in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A total of 2,354 postmenopausal women aged 45-75 years were included for statistical analysis. The reproductive period was divided into tertiles, and HGS was divided into four quartiles. HGS was measured to evaluate muscle strength. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant predictors with the first quartile HGS, derived from quartile data. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the reproductive period (exposure) and low HGS (outcome). RESULTS: We found that the more extended the reproductive period, the lower the risk of low absolute HGS. This trend persisted even after controlling for other variables. Specifically, the odds ratio for low absolute HGS was 0.752 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.563-1.000) for the second tertile reproductive period and 0.683 (95% CI, 0.513-0.900) for the third tertile reproductive period, with the first tertile reproductive period as the reference. The odds ratio for low relative HGS was 0.761 (95% CI, 0.551-1.052) for the second tertile reproductive period and 0.732 (95% CI, 0.533-0.972) for the third tertile reproductive period, using first tertile reproductive period as the reference, after covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: A longer reproductive period is associated with a decreased risk of low HGS in postmenopausal women.

3D Printed Bioactive PLGA Dermal Scaffold for Burn Wound Treatment.

Burn injury represents a major global public healthcare problem and has a significant health-economics impact. In this study, we report on a 3D printed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) dermal scaffold containing bioactive PLGA for burn wound healing. Bioactive brush copolymers containing pendant side chains of PLGA and PEGylated Arg-Gly-Asp tripeptide (RGD) or hyaluronic acid (HA) were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). These copolymers exhibited good thermal stability for material processing using melt-extrusion-based methods. The copolymers were blended with commercial PLGA, extruded into filaments and 3D printed using fused filament fabrication (FFF) methods with incorporated porosities. The 3D printed scaffolds demonstrated good biocompatibility in in vitro cell assays and in vivo murine models. Porcine study based on partial thickness burn wound model showed that these PLGA scaffolds facilitated re-epithelization with reduced inflammation as compared to the clinical gold standard for second-degree burn wound treatment, Biobrane. The bioactive PLGA scaffolds presented herein are beneficial in wound healing and have therapeutic potential in burn wounds treatment.

Effect of Combination Therapy with Ezetimibe and Statins versus Statin Monotherapy on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background and Objectives: Lipid-lowering agents such as ezetimibe are recommended in uncontrolled hyperlipidemia for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis and a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebral events. The effects of ezetimibe on CIMT have been inconsistently reported. The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the effects of ezetimibe/statin and statin alone therapies on CIMT reduction. Materials and Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to 26 January 2023 with the MeSH keywords 'Ezetimibe' and 'Carotid Intima-Media Thickness'. The results were presented as standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals using the random-effect model method, and heterogeneity was assessed. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results: Five RCTs with 642 participants were included. CIMT reduction was not significantly different between the ezetimibe/statin and statin alone groups. However, in subgroup analyses, CIMT in the ezetimibe/statin group was significantly reduced in patients with non-familial hypercholesterolemia (SMD: -0.34 mm and p = 0.002) and in patients with secondary prevention (SMD: -0.38 mm and p = 0.002). The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly reduced in the ezetimibe/statin group (SMD: -0.58 mg/dL and p < 0.001). Conclusions: The effect of ezetimibe on CIMT reduction was shown in non-familial hypercholesterolemia and secondary prevention. These results suggest that the efficacy of ezetimibe may vary with potential CIMT reduction benefits in certain subpopulations.

Utilization of End-of-Life Care Rooms by Patients Who Died in a Single Hospice Unit at a National University Hospital in South Korea.

Purpose: For the dignity of patients nearing the end of their lives, it is essential to provide end-of-life (EoL) care in a separate, dedicated space. This study investigated the utilization of specialized rooms for dying patients within a hospice unit. Methods: This retrospective study examined patients who died in a single hospice unit between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021. Utilizing medical records, we analyzed the circumstances surrounding death, the employment of specialized rooms for terminally ill patients, and the characteristics of those who received EoL care in a shared room. Results: During the 1,825-day survey period, deaths occurred on 632 days, and 799 patients died. Of these patients, 496 (62.1%) received EoL care in a dedicated room. The average duration of using this dedicated space was 1.08 days. Meanwhile, 188 patients (23.5%) died in a shared room. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a longer stay in the hospice unit was associated with a lower risk of receiving EoL care in a shared room (odds ratio [OR]=0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97~0.99; P=0.002). Furthermore, a higher number of deaths on the day a patient died was associated with a greater risk of receiving EoL care in a shared room (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.33~2.08; P<0.001). Conclusion: To ensure that more patients receive EoL care for an adequate duration in a private setting, additional research is necessary to increase the number of dedicated rooms and incorporate them into the hospice unit at an early stage.

Reduction-Responsive Chitosan-Based Injectable Hydrogels for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy.

Selective delivery of anticancer drug molecules to the tumor site enhances local drug dosages, which leads to the death of cancer cells while simultaneously minimizing the negative effects of chemotherapy on other tissues, thereby improving the patient's quality of life. To address this need, we developed reduction-responsive chitosan-based injectable hydrogels via the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine groups of disulfide-based cross-linkers and norbornene groups of chitosan derivatives, which were applied to the controlled delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). The swelling ratio, gelation time (90-500 s), mechanical strength (G'~350-850 Pa), network morphology, and drug-loading efficiency (≥92%) of developed hydrogels were investigated. The in vitro release studies of the DOX-loaded hydrogels were performed at pH 7.4 and 5.0 with and without DTT (10 mM). The biocompatibility of pure hydrogel and the in vitro anticancer activity of DOX-loaded hydrogels were demonstrated via MTT assay on HEK-293 and HT-29 cancer cell lines, respectively.

Association between weekend catch-up sleep and hyperuricemia with insufficient sleep in postmenopausal Korean women: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Hyperuricemia is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Efforts to lower the risk of hyperuricemia in various ways are needed as the prevalence of these diseases increases in postmenopausal women. Studies have shown that one of these methods is associated with adequate sleep duration, which is related to a low risk of hyperuricemia. Considering that it is difficult for people to get enough sleep in modern society, this study hypothesized that weekend catch-up sleep could be an alternative. To our knowledge, no past study has investigated the relation between weekend catch-up sleep and hyperuricemia in postmenopausal women. Hence, the aim of this research was to estimate the relation between weekend catch-up sleep and hyperuricemia with insufficient sleep in postmenopausal women during weekday or workday. METHODS: This study included 1,877 participants extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VII. The study population was divided into weekend catch-up sleep and non-weekend catch-up sleep groups. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were derived using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Weekend catch-up sleep had a significantly lower prevalence of hyperuricemia after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio, 0.758 [95% confidence interval, 0.576-0.997]). In a subgroup analysis, weekend catch-up sleep of 1 to 2 hours was significantly correlated with a lower prevalence of hyperuricemia after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio: 0.522 [95% confidence interval, 0.323-0.845]). CONCLUSIONS: Weekend catch-up sleep had a decreased prevalence of hyperuricemia in postmenopausal women with sleep deprivation.

Association between Sleep Duration and Presbycusis in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Sleep duration is associated with hearing loss, especially presbycusis, which is the most common type of hearing loss; however, there is limited evidence regarding this association among the Korean population. We aimed to determine the relationship between sleep duration and high-frequency hearing loss in Korean adults aged ≥40 years. METHODS: We examined 5,547 Korean adults aged ≥40 years who completed audiometric tests and questionnaires regarding sleep duration during the 2010-2012 cycle of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Mild presbycusis was defined as >25 decibels (dB) and <40 dB, whereas moderate-to-severe presbycusis was defined as >40 dB pure tone averages at high frequencies (3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 Hz) for both ears. Additionally, the sleep duration was divided into quartiles. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariable logistic regression after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of presbycusis in South Korean adults was 62.1%, of which 61.4% showed moderate to severe presbycusis. The incidence of moderate-to-severe, but not mild, presbycusis showed a significant positive correlation with sleep duration. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that sleep duration is associated with the prevalence of presbycusis.

Fibroblast-targeting polymeric nanovehicles to enhance topical wound healing through promotion of PAR-2 receptor-mediated endocytosis.

The level of collagen production critically determines skin wound contraction. If an intelligent skin drug delivery technology that enables collagen production in a specific wound skin area is developed, a breakthrough in wound healing treatment would be expected. However, such an intelligent drug delivery technology has not yet been developed as much as in the field of anticancer therapy. In this study, we propose a smart drug delivery system using polymeric nanovehicles (PNVs), in which the periphery is conjugated with a fibroblast-targeting collagen-derived peptide, KTTKS (Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser). We showed that surface engineering of PNVs with simultaneous PEGylation and peptide patching improved the dispersibility of PNVs, while promoting selective cellular uptake to fibroblasts via PAR-2 receptor-mediated endocytosis. In vitro collagen production and in vivo wound healing assays revealed that curcumin-loaded fibroblast-targeting PNVs significantly enhanced collagen production and wound healing activities, thus promising effective skin tissue regeneration.

Association between pulse pressure and low muscle mass in Korean adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study.

Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and strength and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events and increased mortality. Pulse pressure (PP) serves as a marker for changes in heart structure and function, as well as arterial stiffness. A high PP also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. However, the relationship between PP and sarcopenia is poorly understood. We used the data of participants of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) of 2008 to 2011. Participants were divided into a control group (PP < 40 mm Hg) and a high-PP group (PP ≥ 40 mm Hg). PP was calculated by subtracting the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from the systolic blood pressure (SBP), and the low muscle index was assessed using appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) normalized by body mass index (BMI). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between PP and the prevalence of low muscle mass, adjusting for potential confounders. The high-PP group had a higher age, SBP, DBP, and prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia than the control group. The high-PP group had a higher prevalence of low muscle mass than the control group in all models. A high PP is significantly associated with a higher prevalence of low muscle mass. Therefore, PP monitoring may help identify individuals at risk of sarcopenia and guide interventions to improve health outcomes.

Bioactive PCL-Peptide and PLA-Peptide Brush Copolymers for Bone Tissue Engineering.

We report the modular synthesis of bioactive brush-type polycaprolactone-peptide and polylactide-peptide copolymers for applications in bone tissue engineering. The brush copolymers containing pendant side chains of polycaprolactone (PCL) or polylactide (PLA) and PEGylated peptides, including linear Arg-Gly-Asp and collagen-like peptide (Gly-Pro-Hyp)3, were synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization with high conversions and low dispersities (<1.5). These PCL-peptide and PLA-peptide copolymers exhibited good thermal stability for material processing using melt-extrusion-based methods. The copolymers were blended with commercial PCL or PLA, extruded into filaments, and 3D printed using fused filament fabrication methods. These bioactive PCL and PLA materials promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro and showed good biocompatibility in in vivo murine model study. The promising results presented herein will serve as a useful guide for the design and functionalization of PCL or PLA materials for use in bone tissue engineering.

Association between Serum Folic Acid Levels and Asthma in the Korean Population: A Study Based on the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Folic acid is involved in inflammatory reactions; however, the association between folic acid and allergic diseases, particularly asthma, remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the association between serum folic acid levels and asthma in Koreans. METHODS: This study analyzed the serum folic acid levels of 6,615 individuals included in the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence of asthma was determined using a questionnaire that identified cases of physician-diagnosed asthma. The relationship between serum folic acid levels and asthma was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that a 1 ng/mL increase in serum folic acid level significantly reduced the risk of asthma after adjusting for confounding factors including sex, age, household income, current smoking, current alcohol use, and body mass index (odds ratio [OR], 0.930; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.876- 0.987; P=0.017). The relationship between the adjusted odds of asthma and serum folic acid levels were consistently inverse (OR, 2.266; 95% CI, 1.126-4.420; P for trend=0.038). CONCLUSION: Serum folic acid levels are inversely associated with physician-diagnosed asthma in the Korean population.

Association between Near Work Time and Depression among Workers in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between near work time and depression. METHODS: Data of 1,551 workers aged 19-49 years from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined. The Patient Health Questionaire-9 scores were used to screen for depression. Participants who scored a total of 10 or above, which is suggestive of the presence of depression, were classified as the depression group; the rest were classified as normal. The correlation between daily near work time and depression was analyzed using multivariate logistic analysis after adjusting for other sociodemographic and health behavior-related variables. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic analysis found that workers with 3 or more hours of near work were more likely to report depression compared to the reference group who had 2 or fewer hours per day of near work (adjusted odds ratio, 2.471; 95% confidence interval, 1.062-5.747). CONCLUSION: Longer near work time was associated with depression among South Korea's workers. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce near work time to prevent depression.

Expression and prognostic significance of Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 in colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy of the large intestine, whose development and prognosis have been demonstrated to be associated with altered lipid metabolism. High cholesterol intake is associated with an increased risk of CRC, and elevated serum cholesterol levels are known to be correlated with risk of developing CRC. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), a target of ezetimibe, plays an essential role in the absorption of intestinal cholesterol. However, whether the altered expression of NPC1L1 affects CRC development and prognosis is currently unknown. METHODS: Data corresponding to patients with CRC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCAG). Datasets from the Genome Data Analysis Center (GDAC) platform were analyzed to compare the expression of NPC1L1 in normal and CRC tissues using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test. Further, the datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were analyzed. The log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were performed to determine whether NPC1L1 significantly affects the prognosis of CRC. RESULTS: The expression of NPC1L1 was found to be upregulated in CRC and was significantly associated with the N and pathological stages but not with the histological type, age, and sex. Increased NPC1L1 expression in CRC was related to poor patient survival, as evidenced by the Kaplan-Meier and multivariate regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: As high expression of NPC1L1 was associated with CRC development, pathological stage, and prognosis, NPC1L1 can serve as an independent prognostic marker for CRC.

High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Men Born in Spring.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major cause of increased cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. Previous studies examined the birth season and health status such as obesity and cardiovascular mortality in adulthood. However, the relationship between birth season and MetS has not yet been studied. In this study, we examined the prevalence of MetS in middle-aged men according to birth season. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data were collected from 4575 middle-aged men 30-50 years of age, who underwent a comprehensive health checkup examination. The subjects were separated into four seasons according to birth month. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in age according to birth season. However, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of MetS according to birth season: it was highest in spring (25.9%) and lowest in autumn (21.7%, odds ratio [OR] 0.787, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.646-0.960, P = 0.001). Middle-aged men born in the spring had the highest body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of high waist circumference (WC), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and high blood pressure (BP), while those born in autumn had the lowest BMI (η2 = 0.007, P = 0.001) and prevalence of high WC (OR = 0.664, 95% CI 0.558-0.790, P = 0001), high FPG (OR = 0.761, 95% CI 0.624-0.928, P = 0.03), and high BP (OR = 0.633, 95% CI 0.531-0.755, P = 0.001). The prevalence of MetS according to birth months was highest in March (26.8%) and lowest in July (18.6%, OR 0.629, 95% CI 0.444-0.980, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Middle-aged men born in the spring had a higher prevalence of MetS than those born in the fall.

Prognosis palliative care study, palliative prognostic index, palliative prognostic score and objective prognostic score in advanced cancer: a prospective comparison.

BACKGROUND: Predicting how long a patient with far advanced cancer has to live is a significant part of hospice and palliative care. Various prognostic models have been developed, but have not been fully compared in South Korea. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the accuracy of the Prognosis in Palliative Care Study (PiPS), Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI), Palliative Prognostic Score (PaP) and Objective Prognostic Score (OPS) for patients with far advanced cancer in a palliative care unit in South Korea. METHODS: This prospective study included patients with far advanced cancer who were admitted to a single palliative care unit at the National University Hospital. Variables for calculating the prognostic models were recorded by a palliative care physician. The survival rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of each model were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients participated. There was a significant difference in survival rates across all groups, each categorised through the five prognostic models. The overall accuracy (OA) of the prognostic models ranged between 54.5% and 77.6%. The OA of clinicians' predictions of survival ranged between 61.9% and 81.3%. CONCLUSION: The PiPS, PPI, PaP and OPS were successfully validated in a palliative care unit of South Korea. There was no difference in accuracy between the prognostic models, and OA tended to be lower than in previous studies.