ABSTRACT
We describe a complete account of our total synthesis and biological evaluation of (-)-berkelic acid and analogs. We delineate a synthetic strategy inspired by a potentially biomimetic union between the natural products spicifernin and pulvilloric acid. After defining optimal parameters, we executed a one-pot silver-mediated in situ dehydration of an isochroman lactol to methyl pulvillorate, the cycloisomerization of a spicifernin-like alkynol to the corresponding exocyclic enol ether, and a subsequent cycloaddition to deliver the tetracyclic core of berkelic acid. Our studies confirm that the original assigned berkelic acid structure is not stable and equilibrates into a mixture of 4 diastereomers, fully characterized by X-ray crystallography. In addition to berkelic acid, C22-epi-berkelic acid, and nor-berkelic acids, we synthesized C26-oxoberkelic acid analogs that were evaluated against human cancer cell lines. In contrast to data reported for natural berkelic acid, our synthetic material and analogs were found to be devoid of activity.
ABSTRACT
Amino acid-derived propargylic amides are cyclised in a one-pot, Au(III)-catalysed operation to yield 5-bromomethyl oxazoles. These compounds are further elaborated to bis-heterocycles, dipeptide mimics and more.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids/chemistry , Gold/chemistry , Oxazoles/chemical synthesis , Amides/chemistry , Catalysis , Cyclization , Molecular Structure , Oxazoles/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Inhibition of methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) represents a novel approach to antiangiogenic therapy. We describe the synthesis and activity of fumagillin analogues that address the pharmacokinetic and safety liabilities of earlier candidates in this compound class. Two-step elaboration of fumagillol with amines yielded a diverse series of carbamates at C6 of the cyclohexane spiroepoxide. The most potent of these compounds exhibited subnanomolar inhibition of cell proliferation in HUVEC and BAEC assays. Although a range of functionalities were tolerated at this position, alpha-trisubstituted amines possessed markedly decreased inhibitory activity, and this could be rationalized by modeling based on the known fumagillin-MetAP2 crystal structure. The lead compound resulting from these studies, (3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-methoxy-4-((2R,3R)-2-methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)oxiran-2-yl)-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-6-yl (R)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate, (PPI-2458), demonstrated an improved pharmacokinetic profile relative to the earlier clinical candidate TNP-470, and has advanced into phase I clinical studies in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and solid cancers.
Subject(s)
Aminopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Carbamates/chemistry , Carbamates/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes/chemistry , Cyclohexanes/pharmacology , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology , Metalloendopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Amino Acids/chemistry , Animals , Cattle , Cell Growth Processes/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Humans , Models, Molecular , Sesquiterpenes/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We describe a concise synthesis of the structurally novel fungal extremophile metabolite berkelic acid, an effort leading to an unambiguous assignment of C22 stereochemistry. Our synthetic approach was inspired by the recognition that berkelic acid displays structural characteristics reminiscent of two other fungal metabolites, spicifernin and pulvilloric acid. Based on this notion, we executed a synthesis that features a Ag-catalyzed cascade dearomatization-cycloisomerization-cycloaddition sequence to couple two natural product inspired fragments. Notably, a spicifernin-like synthon was prepared with defined C22 stereochemistry in seven steps and three purifications (24-28% overall yield). A potentially useful anti-selective conjugate propargylation reaction was developed to introduce the vicinal stereodiad. An enantioconvergent synthesis of the other coupling partner, the aromatic precursor to pulvilloric acid methyl ester, was achieved in eight steps and 48% overall yield. The total synthesis of berkelic acid and its C22 epimer was thus completed in a 10 step linear sequence and 11-27% overall yield.
Subject(s)
Penicillium/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Catalysis , Molecular Structure , Silver/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Fumagillin, an irreversible inhibitor of MetAP2, has been shown to potently inhibit growth of malaria parasites in vitro. Here, we demonstrate activity of fumagillin analogs with an improved pharmacokinetic profile against malaria parasites, trypanosomes, and amoebas. A subset of the compounds showed efficacy in a murine malaria model. The observed SAR forms a basis for further optimization of fumagillin based inhibitors against parasitic targets by inhibition of MetAP2.
Subject(s)
Aminopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Antimalarials/chemistry , Cyclohexanes/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/chemistry , Metalloendopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Administration, Oral , Aminopeptidases/metabolism , Animals , Antimalarials/chemical synthesis , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Cyclohexanes/chemical synthesis , Cyclohexanes/pharmacology , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/chemical synthesis , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology , Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism , Mice , Parasitic Sensitivity Tests , Sesquiterpenes/chemical synthesis , Sesquiterpenes/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The synthesis of didemniserinolipid B utilizing a ketalization/ring-closing metathesis (K/RCM) strategy is described. In the course of this work, a novel 2-allyl-4-fluorophenyl auxiliary for relay ring-closing metathesis (RRCM) was developed, which increased the yield of the RCM. The resulting 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octene core was selectively functionalized by complimentary dihydroxylation and epoxidation routes to install the C10 axial alcohol. This bicyclic ketal core was further functionalized by etherification and an alkene cross metathesis with an unsaturated alpha-phenylselenyl ester en route to completing the total synthesis.
