ABSTRACT
The association between social classes, food intake and coronary risk factors was determined. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 6-12 urban streets in each of five cities, each one from five different regions of India using similar methods of dietary intakes and criteria of diagnosis. We randomly selected 3257 women aged 25-64 years inclusive, from Moradabad (n = 902), Trivandrum (n = 760), Calcutta (n = 410), Nagpur (n = 405) and Bombay (n = 780). All subjects, after pooling of data, were divided into social class 1 (n = 985), class 2 (n = 790), class 3 (n = 774), class 4 (n = 602) and class 5 (n = 206) based on various attributes of socioeconomic status. Social class 1 was the highest and 5 was the lowest social class. Social classes 1-3 had greater intake of pro-atherogenic foods; total visible fat, milk and milk products, meat and eggs, as well as sugar and confectionery, compared to social classes 4 and 5. The consumption of wheat, rice, millets, fruits, vegetables and legume/total visible fat ratio were inversely associated with social class. Mean body mass index (BMI), obesity, overweight, central obesity and sedentary lifestyle were also significantly more common among subjects from higher social classes. Spearman's rank correlation showed that bodyweight, BMI, wheat, rice, millets, total visible fat, milk and milk products, meat, eggs, sugar and jaggery intakes were significantly correlated with social class. Social class 5 subjects had a lower intake of all foods and a lower BMI, suggestive of a higher rate of undernutrition among them. The findings indicate that the consumption of pro-atherogenic foods and other coronary risk factors are more common in higher social classes compared to lower social classes.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of central obesity and age-specific waist:hip ratio of urban women from five Indian cities. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 6-12 urban streets in different parts of India using similar methods of sample selection and criteria of diagnosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We randomly selected 3212 women, aged 25-64 years, from Moradabad (n = 902), Trivandrum (n = 760), Calcutta (n = 365), Nagpur (n = 405), and Bombay (n = 780). Evaluation was by a questionnaire administered by a physician and a dietician, a physical examination, and anthropometric measurements. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of central obesity among the total number of women was 55.0%, with the highest prevalence in Calcutta (62.2%) and the lowest in Bombay (47.4%). Waist:hip ratio was 0.85 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- SD) with the highest ratio for women in Calcutta (0.87 +/- 0.12) and the lowest for women in Moradabad (0.84 +/- 0.16). After pooling of data from all five cities, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, regardless of age, body mass index (> 23 kg/m2; odds ratio 1.12), sedentary lifestyle (odds ratio 2.51), and family history of obesity (odds ratio 2.15) were strongly associated with central obesity. Excess intake of fat was weakly associated with central obesity but age was not a risk factor for central obesity, although the prevalence was highest among those aged over 55 years in Moradabad, Calcutta, and Nagpur. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of central obesity among the urban women of India has increased, more so in Calcutta and Trivandrum. Body mass index, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of excess intake of fat were significant risk factors for central obesity.
