ABSTRACT
Liver disease, responsible for two million annual deaths, causes Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) and cirrhosis, causing roughly a million deaths yearly. Treatment options for liver injury induced by hepatotoxicity vary, including medication (N-acetylcysteine, corticosteroids, and ursodeoxycholic acid), lifestyle changes, and sometimes liver transplant. However, effectiveness varies, and some treatments carry risks and side effects, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic approaches. Murraya koenigii (MK) is known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, wound-healing, anti-cancerous and immunomodulatory effects, etc. This review highlights the effectiveness of MK against liver damage induced by heavy metals, drug abuse, xenobiotics, etc. A comprehensive search across multiple databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and others for articles on various hepatotoxicants and hepatoprotective activity of MK was conducted. The researchers applied specific search terms and limits, resulting in 149 eligible articles for final analysis, meeting predetermined inclusion criteria and excluding irrelevant studies. According to the available literature, the phytochemical components of MK, such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids present in various extracts, play a crucial role in reversing the hepatotoxic effects by modifying oxidative and ER stresses, re-establishing the hepatic biochemical markers and enzymes involved in metabolism denoting ameliorative activity, and controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To conclude, this review highlights that MK has great potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent, providing a versatile defense against a range of injuries caused by heavy metals, xenobiotics, and common hepatotoxic agents.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The reproductive organ, housing spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), undergoes ongoing division impacted by the irradiation dosage and exposure duration. Within the male reproductive organ, germ stem cells (spermatogonia) and somatic cells (Sertoli and Leydig cells) are present. Lower doses of ionizing (>4-6 Gy) and non-ionizing radiation (radiofrequency and microwave range 900 MHz - 2.45 GHz) may cause sperm-related issues, while higher doses (15 Gy) may affect Leydig cells and testosterone production. Response to radiation varies with age and pubescence. Spermatogonial stem cells, crucial for regenerating the spermatogenic lineage, express molecular markers like Estrogen receptor, FSH (Follicular Stimulating Hormone) receptor, TLR-4 (Toll-like Receptor-4), TLR-5 (Toll-like Receptor-5), FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor-2), KIT (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase), AT-1 (Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor), LXRs-γ (Liver X Receptor-γ), TNF-ß (Tumor Necrosis Factor-ß), and PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen), influencing stem cell activity in testes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to review the various available radioprotective agents and their efficacy in targeting the male reproductive system from the available literature. RESULT: Various radioprotective herbal/synthetic/microbial/metallic extracts/formulations/ drugs [Septilin, Silymarin, Organic Turmeric, Oestrogen, Melatonin, Febuxostat, SQGD (Semiquinone glucoside derivative), Rapamycin, Entolimod, Zinc, Selenium, etc.] have been investigated up to exposure, but owing to effectiveness issues, they are unable to fulfil the aim to the fullest of restoring male fertility and normal testosterone levels during such eventuality. CONCLUSION: Further study is needed to optimize these tactics and fill knowledge gaps. Also, the effective components of herbal, synthetic drugs, etc., should be isolated and tested up to clinical levels, paving the way for successful radioprotection and radiomitigation strategies in the male reproductive system.