ABSTRACT
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Adult , Cognition , Executive Function , Humans , Memory, Short-Term , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
En la actualidad, son cada vez más los profesionales que se decantan por la intervención en la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) con un tratamiento combinado, y la estimulación cognitiva (EC) obtiene paulatinamente un papel más relevante. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar que la EC muestra resultados de mantenimiento de las funciones cognitivas frente a los sujetos que no reciben este tratamiento. Pacientes y método: Participaron un total de 52 sujetos diagnosticados de EA y con Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) >=20, divididos en dos grupos: un grupo experimental compuesto por 31 sujetos que estuvieron expuestos a sesiones de EC durante 9 meses, y un grupo control formado por 21 pacientes que no realizaron EC. La EC se llevó a cabo en la Clínica Neurodem por al menos una neuropsicóloga en sesiones grupales de 6 personas como máximo, 2 veces a la semana y con una duración de 120 minutos por sesión, donde se trabajaron diferentes funciones cognitivas utilizando distintas técnicas. Resultados: Los que obtuvimos fueron una media de MMSE del grupo experimental antes de EC de 24,61 con una DT de 2,58, y una media después de EC de 24,61 con DT de 3,73. En el grupo control encontramos una media inicial de MMSE de 22,80 y DT de 2,27, y después de 9 meses una media de MMSE de 21,42 y DT de 1,71. Las puntuaciones en fluencia fueron, para el grupo experimental, en pretest de 13 y en postest de 13,18; para los controles, la media en fluencia fue de 10,61 y, tras 9 meses, de 8,57. Conclusiones: El grupo experimental mantiene estables sus puntaciones en ambas pruebas frente al grupo control, que tiene un descenso en ellas(AU)
Nowadays, there are more professionals who choose intervention in Alzheimer Disease (AD) with a combined treatment, this way, cognitive stimulation (CS) becomes more relevant day by day. The aim of this study was to prove that CS shows maintenances results of the cognitive functions in patients who received this treatment versus patients that did not recieved it. Patients and method: 52 subjects with AD and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) >=20, divided in two groups: experimental group (n= 31) which executed CS during 9 months, and one control group (n= 21) which didnt execute the task. The CS was developed in Neurodem by one of the neuropsychologist which works in the clinic. It was taken in grupal session with a maximum of 6 patients, twice a week during 120 minutes, where the neuropsychologist and the patients worked with different cognitive functions, using different tecnics. Results: before CS experimental group x MMSE was 24,61 and sigma = 2,58 and control group MMSE x = 22,80 and sigma= 2,27. After 9 months results shows that x MMSE in experimental group was 24,61 and sigma was 2,58. In control group MMSE x was 21,42 and sigma was 1,71. In experimental group fluency puntuation was 10,61 and before 9 months was 8,57. Conclusions: the experimental group keeps its scores in both tasks whereas the control group shows a reduction in these tasks(AU)
