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1.
Immunobiology ; 222(2): 432-439, 2017 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27520114

ABSTRACT

Mast cells play an essential role in different immunological phenomena including allergy and infectious diseases. Several bacteria induce mast cell activation leading to degranulation and the production of several cytokines and chemokines. However, mast cells also have different microbicidal activities such as phagocytosis and the release of DNA with embedded granular proteins known as Mast Cell Extracellular Traps (MCETs). Although previous reports indicate that extracellular bacteria are able to induce MCETs little is known if intracellular bacteria can induce these structures. In this work, we evaluated MCETs induction by the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. We found that mast cells released DNA after stimulation with L. monocytogenes, and this DNA was complexed to histone and tryptase. Before extracellular DNA release, L. monocytogenes induced modifications to the mast cell nuclear envelope and DNA was detected outside the nucleus. L. monocytogenes stimulated mast cells to produce significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blocking NADPH oxidase diminished DNA release by mast cells. Finally, MCETs showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes that was partially blocked when ß-hexosaminidase activity was inhibited. These results show that L. monocytogenes induces mast cells to produce microbicidal MCETs, suggesting a role for mast cells in containing infection beyond the induction of inflammation.


Subject(s)
Extracellular Traps/immunology , Extracellular Traps/metabolism , Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology , Listeria monocytogenes/immunology , Mast Cells/immunology , Mast Cells/metabolism , Cell Line , DNA/metabolism , Histones/metabolism , Humans , Listeriosis , Mast Cells/ultrastructure , Nuclear Envelope/ultrastructure , Phagocytosis/immunology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases/metabolism
2.
Springerplus ; 4: 161, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25883887

ABSTRACT

Neutrophils are one the earliest, crucial innate defenses against innumerable pathogens. Their main microbicidal activities include phagocytosis and degranulation, with many pharmacologically active molecules contributing to inflammation. Recently, a novel antimicrobial mechanism was discovered; the Neutrophil Extracelullar Traps (NETs) formed by extrusion of DNA and associated molecules (histones, elastase, antimicrobial peptides, among others) which trap and kill microorganisms. Since NETs were recently described, research has focused on their induction and microbicidal properties, and recently on disease involvement. However, the functional consequences of NETs interacting with other immune cells, either resident or recruited during early inflammation, have not been assessed. We therefore investigated the consequences of exposing two major APCs, macrophages (Mfs) and conventional Dendritic Cells (cDCs) to NETs. Our data revealed that at early times (30 min), both Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) showed induction of important costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86). Unexpectedly, however, at later times (6 and 24 hours) NETs apparently triggered a cell death process in these APCs by a caspase- and Apoptosis induced factor (AIF)-dependent pathway, suggesting mitochondrial damage. By rhodamine-123 labelling we found that in both APCs, relatively prolonged exposure to NETs or their components importantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed mitochondrial alterations in both APCs. Our results would suggest that early in inflammation, NETs can activate the two main APCs (Mfs and cDCs), but as the process continues, NETs can then initiate apoptosis of these cells through mitochondrial harm. Conceivable, this "late" induction of cell death in these two APCs might start limiting an ongoing inflammatory process to control it.

3.
Am J Reprod Immunol ; 71(1): 61-72, 2014 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24128422

ABSTRACT

PROBLEM: Infection of human fetal membranes elicits secretion of pro-inflammatory modulators through its innate immune capacities. We investigated the effect of lipopolysacharide (LPS) and progesterone (P4) upon expression of TLR-4/MyD88, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and HBD2 on the human amniotic epithelium. METHOD OF STUDY: Explants of the human amniotic epithelium were pre-treated with 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 µM of P4; then cotreated with 1000 ng/mL LPS. TLR-4 was immuno-detected, and concentrations of MyD88, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and HBD2 were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS: P4 significantly reduced the expression of LPS-induced TLR-4/MyD88. LPS increased the concentrations of TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and HBD2 by factors of 30-, eight, three, three, and fivefold, respectively. P4 at 1.0 µM was the most effective dose to blunt the secretion of TNFα, IL-6, and HBD-2. RU-486 blocks the effect of P4. CONCLUSION: P4 inhibited LPS-induced TLR-4/MyD88 and pro-inflammatory factors in the human amniotic epithelium. These results could explain partially how P4 can protect the amniotic region of fetal membranes and generate a compensatory mechanism that limits the secretion of pro-inflammatory modulators, which could jeopardize the immune privilege during pregnancy.


Subject(s)
Amnion/cytology , Epithelium/immunology , Progesterone/immunology , Cells, Cultured , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Female , Gene Expression Regulation , Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology , Humans , Immune Tolerance , Immunity, Innate , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Mifepristone/pharmacology , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism , Pregnancy , Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism , beta-Defensins/genetics , beta-Defensins/metabolism
4.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 64(8): 368-76, ago. 1996. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-181731

ABSTRACT

La villitis es una inflamación crónica focal o multifocal de las vellocidades coriónicas con infiltración de células mononucleares y áreas de necrosis fibrinoide la cual puede ser producida por infección viral (VIV) o bien puede ser de etiología desconocida (VED). En el presente estudio se realizó un examen morfológico a nivel ultraestructural de 11 placentas con diagnóstico de villitis con el objetivo de establecer una comparación de tipo descriptivo entre las VIV y las VED. Las biopsias fueron procesadas con las técnicas convencionales para microscopía óptica y electrónica. Las observaciones ultraestructurales permitieron confirmar la presencia de partículas virales en cuatro casos, mientras que en los restantes siete no se detectó ningún tipo de virus. Se notó ausencia o disminución focal en las microvellosidades lo cual estuvo asociado con la presencia de necrosis fibrinoide en el estroma y clínicamente a cuatro partos pretérmino y un óbito. En ambos tipos de villitis se encontraron alteraciones en el trofoblasto como engrosamiento de la membrana basal asociado con depósito de material electrodenso similar a calcio; también se observó vacuolización y edema en el estroma de las vellosidades. En algunos casos se notó la presencia de depósitos focales de fibrina asociado con zonas de necrosis en el estroma, precipitados de calcio y cuerpos mielínicos en el sinciotrofoblasto. En los casos de infección viral (dos por CMV y dos positivos para TORCH) los vasos fetales mostraron obliteración y/o trombos. En estos casos se detectaron partículas virales con incremento de las células de Hofbauer y calcificaciones en la membrana basal. En conclusión podemos decir que en ambos tipos de villitis existe una reacción inmunológica que produce la pérdida o disminución de las microvellosidades del trofoblasto con infiltración de células mononucleares y edema. Estas alteraciones reducen importantemente el intercambio materno-fetal de gases, nutrientes, hormonas etc., lo cual puede ser la causa del retraso en el crecimiento, la inmadurez o la muerte del feto


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Chorionic Villi/pathology , Chorionic Villi/ultrastructure , Microscopy, Electron , Necrosis , Placenta/pathology , Placenta/ultrastructure , Trophoblasts/pathology , Trophoblasts/ultrastructure
5.
Ginecol. obstet. Méx ; 64(4): 167-76, abr. 1996. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-181664

ABSTRACT

La transmisión vertical perinatal se ha incrementado mundialmente en la actualidad se informa acerca de un millón de niños con VIH. El rango de variación va de 12 a 40 por ciento dependiendo del país. En los últimos años se han empleado drogas antirretrovirales, como AZT, ddI y otras, para disminuir el paso del virus vía transplacentaria. Se analizaron 18 placentas de mujeres seropositivas a VIH, tres correspondieron al primer trimestre y 15 al tercer trimestre de la gestación; en cuatro casos las pacientes recibieron tratamiento con AZT en las semanas 14 (dos pacientes), 26 y 35 de las gestación y otra pacientes recibió AZT y ddI en la semana 28. El grupo testigo consistió en 10 placentas normales. Se efectuó análisis ultraestructural se observaron diferentes localizaciones del virus VIH en sincitiotrofoblasto, células deciduales y vasos umbilicales (seis casos). En 13 casos se encontró hiperplasia e hipertrofia de macrófagos que contenían abundantes lisosomas. En un caso, donde una niña es seropositiva, se identificaron numerosos viriones VIH en macrófagos. Con inmuno-oro se localizaron proteínas virales en citoplasma y membrana plasmática, en trofoblasto y endotelio de capilares fetales. Con inmunoperoxidasa cuatro casos dieron positividad. En placentas con tratamiento antirretroviral desde la semana 14, el trofoblasto era más denso por el incremento de filamentos. Las placentas con tratamiento en el tercer trimestre, presentaron morfología normal con discreto incremento de filamentos. En los casos tratados con AZT y ddI no se encontró hiperplasía e hipertrofia de macrófagos ni partículas virales. Se concluye que en madres seropositivas sin tratamiento el virus es capaz de pasar a cualquier parte de la vellosidad coriónica y en pacientes con tratamiento no se identifican virus pero sí una síntesis de proteínas virales


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Azathioprine/administration & dosage , HIV , HIV Seropositivity , Immunohistochemistry , Microscopy, Electron , Placenta/ultrastructure
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