Insight Into Neonatal Sepsis: An Overview.

There are approximately 1.3 million cases of neonatal sepsis reported worldwide with deaths occurring more commonly in preterm and low-weight newborns. Neonatal sepsis is the third major cause of neonatal deaths resulting in 203,000 deaths per year. It is divided into two subtypes based on time of occurrence: early-onset neonatal sepsis (ENS), occurring within the first 72 hours of birth usually due to perinatal risk factors, and late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) usually occurring after the first week of life and up to 28th day of life. There are many complications associated with neonatal sepsis including septic shock, multiple organ failure, and death. It is vital for clinicians to know the signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis in order to diagnose it early. Preventive measures, early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic administration, timely supportive management, and the establishment of efficient management are vital in the prevention of severe complications or death. In this review, we aim to provide the most up-to-date information regarding risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neonatal sepsis. We discuss the maternal and neonatal risk factors involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis and the signs and symptoms of early and late neonatal sepsis. We focus on the different pathogens involved and the markers used in the diagnosis and treatments available for each.

Myocarditis and Myocardial Injury in Long COVID Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

The repercussions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been devastating on a global scale. Long COVID, which affects patients for weeks or even months after their initial infection, is not limited to individuals with severe symptoms and can affect people of all ages. The condition can impact various physiological systems, leading to chronic health conditions and long-term disabilities that present significant challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. This review explores the link between long COVID and cardiovascular complications such as myocardial injury and myocarditis. It also highlights the prevalence of these complications and identifies risk factors for their development in long COVID patients. Myocardial injury occurs due to direct cellular damage and T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity resulting in elevated cardiac biomarkers. Diagnostic techniques like electrocardiogram, troponin level testing, and magnetic resonance imaging can help identify myocarditis, but endomyocardial biopsy is considered the gold-standard diagnostic technique. Guideline-directed medical therapy is recommended for COVID-19 myocarditis patients for better prognosis while being monitored under comprehensive care management approaches. Therefore, it's critical to develop effective screening techniques specifically for vulnerable populations while conducting further research that addresses the effects of long COVID on society's physical health.