Antimicrobial Activity of Citrate-Coated Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of citrate-stabilized sols of cerium oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations via different microbiological methods and to compare the effect with the peroxidase activity of nanoceria for the subsequent development of a regeneration-stimulating medical and/or veterinary wound-healing product providing new types of antimicrobial action. The object of this study was cerium oxide nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous solutions of cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate and citric acid (the size of the nanoparticles was 3-5 nm, and their aggregates were 60-130 nm). Nanoceria oxide sols with a wide range of concentrations (10-1-10-6 M) as well as powder (the dry substance) were used. Both bacterial and fungal strains (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasielensis) were used for the microbiological studies. The antimicrobial activity of nanoceria was investigated across a wide range of concentrations using three methods sequentially; the antimicrobial activity was studied by examining diffusion into agar, the serial dilution method was used to detect the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, and, finally, gas chromatography with mass-selective detection was performed to study the inhibition of E. coli's growth. To study the redox activity of different concentrations of nanocerium, we studied the intensity of chemiluminescence in the oxidation reaction of luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. As a result of this study's use of the agar diffusion and serial dilution methods followed by sowing, no significant evidence of antimicrobial activity was found. At the same time, in the current study of antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, the ability of nanoceria to significantly inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms after 24 h and, in particular, after 48 h of incubation at a wide range of concentrations, 10-2-10-5 M (48-95% reduction in the number of microbes with a significant dose-dependent effect) was determined as the optimum concentration. A reliable redox activity of nanoceria coated with citrate was established, increasing in proportion to the concentration, confirming the oxidative mechanism of the action of nanoceria. Thus, nanoceria have a dose-dependent bacteriostatic effect, which is most pronounced at concentrations of 10-2-10-3 M. Unlike the effects of classical antiseptics, the effect was manifested from 2 days and increased during the observation. To study the antimicrobial activity of nanomaterials, it is advisable not to use classical qualitative and semi-quantitative methods; rather, the employment of more accurate quantitative methods is advised, in particular, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, during several days of incubation.

The randomized clinical trial results of the anxiety treatment in patients with somatoform dysfunction and neurotic disorders.

The existing treatments for somatoform dysfunction (SfD), reaction to severe stress (RSS), and adjustment disorders (AjD) are insufficiently effective and safe. Anxiolytic drug Tenoten proved effective in clinical trials (CT). The aim of this multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled randomized CT was to investigate the safety and efficacy of Tenoten in the treatment of anxiety in adults with SfD, RSS, AjD and other neurotic disorders (oNDs). 390 adult patients with SfD, RSS and AjD or oNDs with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale-anxiety (HADS-A) score ≥ 11 were randomized into 4 groups (n = 127 in Tenoten group 1 (4 tablets/day); n = 131 in Tenoten group 3 (8 tablets/day), n = 132 in combined Placebo group 2 + 4). The changes from baseline in the mean Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) score in groups 1 and 3 after 12 weeks were the primary outcome. The decrease of the HAM-A score from 18.81 ± 5.81 to 7.26 ± 4.63 (in group 1) and from 18.38 ± 4.3 to 6.40 ± 4.02 (in group 3) was observed post-treatment (pgroup 1/placebo = 0.0055, pgroup 3/placebo < 0.0001). Overall, 46 adverse events (28 in the Tenoten groups and 18 in the Placebo) were reported without any difference between the study groups. Tenoten performed significantly more effective than placebo in the anxiety treatment of adults with SfD, RSS, AjD and oNDs (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03036293).

Subjective cognitive decline as a predictor of future cognitive decline: a systematic review.

Over 44 million people suffer from dementia around the world. Researchers estimated that there will be 48.1 million people with dementia by 2020 and 90.3 million by 2040. In addition to dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) relate to cognitive impairment. It has been established that MCI precedes dementia, however the significance of SCD is still unclear. Recent studies suggest that SCD could be a risk factor for objective cognitive impairment. SCD is defined as а self-estimated decline in cognitive capacity in comparison to an individual's previous level of functioning, which cannot be determined by neuropsychological tests. OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review of prospective longitudinal cohort studies that assessed the risk of MCI and dementia among people with SCD. METHODS: A search was carried out for all available peer-reviewed articles in English related to SCD in PubMed and PsychINFO databases from database initiation through January 2020. The keywords used for the search were 'subjective cognitive (or memory) impairment (or decline or complaints)'. Three authors separately determined the inclusion or exclusion of all articles retrieved for full-text evaluation. RESULTS: The chance of progression to dementia in the SCD group was 2.17 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.53‒3.07; p<0.05) compared to normal aging. Furthermore, the SCD group was 2.15 times more likely to progress to MCI than the group without SCD (95%CI 1.39‒3.30; p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: SCD might precede cognitive impairment, however, more detailed longitudinal studies should be conducted.

Mais de 44 milhões de pessoas sofrem de demência em todo o mundo. Pesquisadores estimam que haverá 48,1 milhões de pessoas com demência até 2020 e 90,3 milhões até 2040. Além da demência, o comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e o declínio cognitivo subjetivo (DCS) estão relacionados ao comprometimento cognitivo. Foi estabelecido que o CCL precede a demência, porém a significância do DCS ainda não é clara. Estudos recentes sugerem que o DCS pode ser um fator de risco para comprometimento cognitivo objetivo. DCS é definido como um declínio auto-estimado da capacidade cognitiva em comparação com o nível anterior de funcionamento do indivíduo, que não pode ser determinado por testes neuropsicológicos. OBJETIVOS: Realizar uma revisão sistemática de estudos prospectivos de coorte longitudinal que avaliaram o risco de CCL e demência entre pessoas com DCS. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisados todos os artigos revisados por pares disponíveis em inglês relacionados com DCS nos bancos de dados PubMed e PsychINFO desde o início do banco de dados até janeiro de 2020. As palavras-chave utilizadas para a pesquisa foram "declínio cognitivo (ou de memória) subjetivo (ou comprometimento ou queixas)". Três autores determinaram separadamente a inclusão ou exclusão de todos os artigos que foram recuperados para avaliação em texto completo. RESULTADOS: A chance de progressão para demência no grupo com DCS foi de 2,17 (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,53‒3,07; p<0,05) em comparação ao envelhecimento normal. Além disso, o grupo com DCS teve 2,15 vezes mais chances de progredir para CCL do que o grupo sem DCS (IC95% 1,39‒3,30; p=0,005). CONCLUSÕES: o DCS pode preceder o comprometimento cognitivo, no entanto, estudos longitudinais mais detalhados devem ser realizados.

Subjective cognitive decline as a predictor of future cognitive decline: a systematic review / Declínio cognitivo subjetivo como preditor de futuro declínio cognitivo: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT. Over 44 million people suffer from dementia around the world. Researchers estimated that there will be 48.1 million people with dementia by 2020 and 90.3 million by 2040. In addition to dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) relate to cognitive impairment. It has been established that MCI precedes dementia, however the significance of SCD is still unclear. Recent studies suggest that SCD could be a risk factor for objective cognitive impairment. SCD is defined as а self-estimated decline in cognitive capacity in comparison to an individual's previous level of functioning, which cannot be determined by neuropsychological tests. Objectives: To perform a systematic review of prospective longitudinal cohort studies that assessed the risk of MCI and dementia among people with SCD. Methods: A search was carried out for all available peer-reviewed articles in English related to SCD in PubMed and PsychINFO databases from database initiation through January 2020. The keywords used for the search were 'subjective cognitive (or memory) impairment (or decline or complaints)'. Three authors separately determined the inclusion or exclusion of all articles retrieved for full-text evaluation. Results: The chance of progression to dementia in the SCD group was 2.17 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.53‒3.07; p<0.05) compared to normal aging. Furthermore, the SCD group was 2.15 times more likely to progress to MCI than the group without SCD (95%CI 1.39‒3.30; p=0.005). Conclusions: SCD might precede cognitive impairment, however, more detailed longitudinal studies should be conducted.

RESUMO. Mais de 44 milhões de pessoas sofrem de demência em todo o mundo. Pesquisadores estimam que haverá 48,1 milhões de pessoas com demência até 2020 e 90,3 milhões até 2040. Além da demência, o comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e o declínio cognitivo subjetivo (DCS) estão relacionados ao comprometimento cognitivo. Foi estabelecido que o CCL precede a demência, porém a significância do DCS ainda não é clara. Estudos recentes sugerem que o DCS pode ser um fator de risco para comprometimento cognitivo objetivo. DCS é definido como um declínio auto-estimado da capacidade cognitiva em comparação com o nível anterior de funcionamento do indivíduo, que não pode ser determinado por testes neuropsicológicos. Objetivos: Realizar uma revisão sistemática de estudos prospectivos de coorte longitudinal que avaliaram o risco de CCL e demência entre pessoas com DCS. Métodos: Foram pesquisados todos os artigos revisados por pares disponíveis em inglês relacionados com DCS nos bancos de dados PubMed e PsychINFO desde o início do banco de dados até janeiro de 2020. As palavras-chave utilizadas para a pesquisa foram "declínio cognitivo (ou de memória) subjetivo (ou comprometimento ou queixas)". Três autores determinaram separadamente a inclusão ou exclusão de todos os artigos que foram recuperados para avaliação em texto completo. Resultados: A chance de progressão para demência no grupo com DCS foi de 2,17 (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,53‒3,07; p<0,05) em comparação ao envelhecimento normal. Além disso, o grupo com DCS teve 2,15 vezes mais chances de progredir para CCL do que o grupo sem DCS (IC95% 1,39‒3,30; p=0,005). Conclusões: o DCS pode preceder o comprometimento cognitivo, no entanto, estudos longitudinais mais detalhados devem ser realizados.