ABSTRACT
In this paper three different multi stub antenna arrays at 27-29.5 GHz are designed. The proposed antenna arrays consist of eight single elements. The structure of feeding parts is the same but the radiation elements are different. The feeding network for array is an eight way Wilkinson power divider (WPD). To guarantee the simulation results, one of the proposed structures is fabricated and measured (namely the characteristics of S11, E-, and H-plane patterns) which shows acceptable consistency with measurement results. The simulation results by CST and HFSS show reasonable agreement for reflection coefficient and radiation patterns in the E- and H- planes. The overall size of the proposed antenna in maximum case is 29.5 mm × 52 mm × 0.38 mm (2.8 [Formula: see text]× 4.86[Formula: see text] × 0.036[Formula: see text]). Moreover, for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) estimation, a three-layer spherical human head model (skin, skull, and the brain) is placed next to the arrays as the exposure source. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed antennas as low-SAR sources makes them ideal candidates for the safe usage and lack of impact of millimeter waves (mmW) on the human health. In all three cases of SAR simulations the value of SAR1g and SAR10g are below the standard limitations.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the impacts of Zataria multiflora aromatic water (ZMAW) and nano emulsion (NE) of Z. multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) on IL-4 (Th2-derived cytokine) and IFN-γ (Th1-derived cytokine) concentrations in mice with hydatidosis. Sixty four healthy BALB/c female mice were intraperitoneally injected by 1500 live protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. Five month after injection, the infected mice were divided into seven treatment groups, including: Albendazole (100 mg/kg), ZMAW (100 ml/L), Albendazole 100 + ZMAW (Albendazole 100 mg/kg and ZMAW 100 ml/L), Albendazole 50 + ZMAW (Albendazole 50 mg/kg and ZMAW 100 ml/L), Albendazole 100 + NE of ZMEO (Albendazole 100 mg/kg and NE of ZMEO 10 ml/L), albendazole 50 + NE of ZMEO (albendazole 50 mg/kg and NE of ZMEO 10 ml/L) and the control group with no treatment. The mice received the ZMAW, NE of ZMEO and/or albendazole through drinking water for 90 days. At the end of treatment (90 days), blood specimens were harvested from all mice. A significant reduction in IL-4 concentration was revealed in the albendazole 50 group + NE of ZMEO, when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noticed for the IFN-γ concentration between the trial groups. Increased IFN-γ: IL-4 ratio was observed in the albendazole 50 + ZMAW, Albendazole 50 + NE of ZMEO, Albendazole 100 + NE of ZMEO groups in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). The findings observed in the current study showed that the administration of ZMAW and NE of ZMEO along with albendazole could enhance the IFN-γ: IL-4 ratio (Th1/Th2 balance), which may have therapeutic value in the treatment of hydatid disease.
