ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim was to determine reliability and validity of frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) and visual assessments (VA) in both males and females. METHODS: Fifty-four participants (30 females) performed lateral step-downs while kinematics were recorded by two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses. Two raters viewed the videos, extracted images, and measured the FPPA (quantitative). Using the videos, the raters also categorized (qualitative VA) each participant's motion as demonstrating dynamic valgus (>10° valgus), dynamic varus (>10° varus), or no change. Reliability was assessed for FPPA and VA using intraclass correlation coefficients and Kappa, respectively. Validity was determined by comparing the FPPA to three-dimensional measures (Pearson correlations) and comparing the VA to both FPPA and standard reference 3D kinematics (Kappa). RESULTS: FPPA showed good-excellent reliability (ICCâ¯=â¯0.850-0.998). VA showed minimal-moderate reliability (κâ¯=â¯0.370-0.766). The FPPA showed large correlations (râ¯=â¯-0.514-0.531) with hip adduction in both sexes but only a moderate relationship with knee abduction in males (râ¯=â¯0.427-0.445). VA showed no-weak (κâ¯=â¯0.153-0.475) and weak-moderate (κâ¯=â¯0.455-0.698) agreement compared to FPPA and no-weak (κâ¯=â¯-0.300-0.183) and no-minimal (κâ¯=â¯-0.078-0.027) disagreement compared to the reference standard 3D kinematics in males and females, respectively. CONCLUSION: The quantitative FPPA is more reliable and valid than qualitative VA of frontal knee plane motion.