ABSTRACT
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is an important nutritious ancient minor-cereal food crop. However, this crop is little explored in the food processing arena to improve its functionality. In this context, different processing methods were applied to enhance the secondary compounds of broomcorn millet. Four different individual methods such as roasting, steaming, puffing, and extrusion were applied at 110 °C to enhance the functional attributes of millet flour. It was observed that the significantly highest content of total phenolic (TP) (670 mg/100 g of ferulic acid equivalent) and total flavonoid (TF) (391 mg/100 g of rutin equivalent ) was attained in the roasted whole millet followed by steaming (315 mg/100 g, 282 mg/100 g), puffing (645 mg/100 g, 304 mg/100 g), extrusion (455 mg/100 g, 219 mg/100 g), and control (295 mg/100 g, 183 mg/100 g). The chromatographic analysis showed a greater content of single phenolic acids such as syringic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and catechin in roasted millet compared to control, and the content of each acid was higher in whole millet than dehulled. Results also indicated that the content of ferulic acid was relatively higher among the quantified single phenolic acid from broomcorn millet. Likewise, in comparison with dehulled millet, the roasted whole millet showed higher total antioxidant capacity, measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), the phosphomolybdenum method (PPMD), and the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (HRSC) method. Lastly, it is concluded that the roasting method should be taken into consideration in the processing of broomcorn millet to enhance the content of nutraceutical compounds and improve its functionality.
ABSTRACT
The effect of the fluorination of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in an oxide-nitride-aluminum oxide (SiO2-Si3N4-Al2O3, ONA) layer through fluorine (F) ion and neutral-beam treatments on the characteristics of the ONA layer was investigated to study the effect of charge-related damage during F ion beam treatment. The treatment with an F beam at approximately 10 eV energy produced an about-5-nm-thick fluorinated alumina layer by replacing the aluminum-oxygn (Al-O) bonding with Al-F bonding for both the F neutral-beam and F ion beam treatments. Moreover, no significant differences in the physical and chemical properties of the ONA layers treated with the two beams were observed. When the electrical characteristics of the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices were compared, however, the lowest leakage current and highest memory window characteristics were observed in the MOS device fabricated with an F neutral beam, due to the Al-F layer formed on the Al2O3 surface. In the case of the MOS device fabricated with the F-ion-beam-treated ONA layer, however, lower electrical characteristics were observed compared to the MOS device fabricated with the F-neutral-beam-treated ONA layer, possibly due to the charge-related damage that occurred during the F ion beam treatment, even though the memory characteristics were improved compared to the reference due to the Al-F layer formed on the Al2O3 surface.
ABSTRACT
The 50% aqueous ethanol extracts of petals of Rosa gallica collected in Xinjiang province, China, exhibited potent inhibitory effects against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. As the active principles, seven hydrolysable tannins were isolated from this species for the first time and elucidated by NMR and ESI-TOF-MS analysis. Quantitative analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that the contents of these hydrolysable tannins were 3-5% of the dry weight of the petals, and the hydrolysable tannins must be related to the medicinal utilization of this species.
