Alcohol-related Consequences: Factor Structure and Associations With Trait Mindfulness and Drinking Motivations.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine if motivations to use alcohol (coping and social motivations) mediate the relationship between trait mindfulness and a variety of alcohol-related consequences and to determine if the relationship between motivations to use alcohol and alcohol-related consequences is moderated by alcohol use. We determined the factor structure of positive and negative consequences of alcohol use and used this structure as outcomes across eight moderated mediation models. METHODS: Data were obtained from 296 undergraduate students to confirm the alcohol-related consequences factor structure and to test eight moderated-mediation models. RESULTS: Four alcohol-related consequences scales (romantic/sexual, positive, mild negative, and severe negative consequences) were confirmed. The motive of drinking to cope significantly mediated the relationship between trait mindfulness and all four of the alcohol-related consequences scales. Drinking to socialize did not significantly mediate the relationship between trait mindfulness and all of the alcohol-related consequences scales. CONCLUSIONS: The identified four-factor structure suggests that alcohol-related consequences should be assessed in a more specific manner. Additionally, different motivations for alcohol use relate differentially to trait mindfulness and different alcohol-related consequences; drinking to cope is particularly problematic for this population. Future research on the usefulness of promoting mindfulness to reduce problematic drinking appears warranted.

A Systemic Review of the Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Pain in Youth With Sickle Cell Disease.

OBJECTIVES: The psychosocial aspects of chronic pain among youth with sickle cell are poorly described and may be better understood within a biopsychosocial model of chronic pain as applied to youth living with sickle cell disease. DESIGN: A systematic literature review was performed to synthesize the psychosocial factors contributing to chronic pain in this population. Criteria for study inclusion were primary quantitative research studies focused on psychosocial aspects of chronic pain among youth with sickle cell disease. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Scopus were searched for relevant articles. REVIEW/ANALYSIS METHODS: Articles selected for full-text review were appraised for quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute Quality Appraisal Tools. Thirteen articles were included. RESULTS: Depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, pain coping, executive functioning, and functional impairment were prevalent in youth living with sickle cell disease and chronic pain. Research gaps included the influence of stigma, injustice, peer interactions, and school and work on chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS: The biopsychosocial model of chronic sickle cell disease-related pain for youth was developed and modified based on the results of this systematic review to remind clinicians of the various factors to consider in clinical practice and spur additional research in this field.

Isolation and loneliness as pathways to heavy drinking early in the pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: social isolation and forced quarantines during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with a steep and persistent rise in alcohol consumption among US adults. While the association between loneliness and drinking is well established, less is known about the impact of social isolation (a known correlate of loneliness) and the interplay between these two variables in relation to drinking. METHODS: we recruited US adults using the MTurk platform for an online survey in early April 2020. The initial survey was followed up with a second wave, 30 days later in mid to late May. Data from the current analyses focus on this second wave of data collection. RESULTS: we found significant direct effects on heavy drinking for both social isolation (c' = 0.495; P < .01) and loneliness (b = 0.071; P < .05). We also found a significant indirect path from social isolation to heavy drinking through social isolation's impact on elevating loneliness (a = 0.919; P < .001). The indirect effect of social isolation on the composite measure of heavy drinking was 0.0652 (0.919 × 0.071) and was significant at the 0.05 level after bootstrapping estimates of the variance were constructed. CONCLUSIONS: those most isolated early in the pandemic were at increased risk for heavy drinking, in part because their social isolation led to increased loneliness. Post-pandemic research is needed to explore whether the relationships that stemmed from social isolation during the pandemic led to a persistent pattern of behavioral risk that maintained high rates of heavy drinking.

Associations of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters and Pain Interference in Post-9/11 Veterans: Exploring Sleep Impairment and Physical Activity as Underlying Mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain are highly prevalent and comorbid, particularly in veterans, but mechanisms explaining their linkage remain unclear. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) whether sleep impairment and physical activity (PA) mediate relations between PTSD symptoms and pain interference (assessed both longitudinally and as residual change) and (2) the unique roles of each PTSD symptom cluster in those relationships. METHODS: The present study is a secondary analysis of a longitudinal observational investigation of 673 post-9/11 veterans (45.8% women). Surveys were administered at baseline and 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. RESULTS: PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with pain interference longitudinally and worsening pain interference over time. Sleep impairment, but not PA, significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and subsequent pain interference. Hyperarousal symptoms were found to be the primary driver of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and pain interference and re-experiencing symptoms were associated with change in pain interference via sleep impairment. Men and women did not differ on any of the study variables with the exception of PA. CONCLUSION: Findings underscore the importance of targeting sleep as a key modifiable health factor linking PTSD symptoms to pain interference in post-9/11 veterans.

Physical activity, posttraumatic stress, and gender: A longitudinal study of post-9/11 veterans.

Given the importance of physical activity (PA) for both physical and mental health, the present study characterizes post-9/11 veterans' leisure-time PA engagement over time. Further, this study examines the relationship between PA and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), as well as whether this relation differs by gender and time since military discharge. This study was a secondary analysis of a 12-month longitudinal observational investigation of 410 (39.5% female) post-9/11 veterans. Participants completed self-report questionnaires at baseline and 12 months. Over a third of post-9/11 veterans were not engaging in any weekly leisure-time PA at study baseline and PA engagement significantly decreased in the subsequent year. The longitudinal relationship between PA and PTSS depended on both gender and time since military discharge. These results underscore the importance of considering both gender and time since discharge when tailoring interventions to support leisure-time PA as a key health habit in post-9/11 veterans.

Effects of Resilience and Emotion Regulation on Perceptions of Positive and Negative Life Changes in Cancer Survivors: A Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: While many studies have investigated the sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors associated with perceived positive change after cancer, longitudinal work examining how emotion regulation, and resilience impact perceptions of life change among newly diagnosed cancer survivors is lacking. PURPOSE: This study examined the prevalence of perceived positive and negative life changes following cancer and explored the role of emotion regulation and resilience on perceived change over 6 months. METHODS: Data from 534 recent survivors of breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer (Mage = 59.3, 36.5% male) collected at baseline (Time 1) and 6-month follow-up (Time 2) were analyzed. Multivariate linear regressions were estimated separately to examine if resilience or emotion regulation were associated with perceived change at Time 2 after controlling for relevant sociodemographic and psychosocial measures. RESULTS: At both time points, greater than 90% of participants reported at least one perceived positive change while fewer than a third reported a negative change. Indices of emotion regulation and resilience were positively related to perceived positive change at both time points and negatively related to perceived negative change at Time 1. Emotion regulation but not resilience was negatively associated with perceived negative change at Time 2. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that cancer survivors who are less resilient and struggle with emotion regulation are more susceptible to perceptions of fewer positive and greater negative life changes after cancer. As such, psychosocial interventions should be developed to promote resilience and emotional regulation in cancer survivors.

Disparate studies have examined the adverse consequences of cancer and its treatment, as well as perceived positive changes in different aspects of life following a cancer diagnosis. However, few studies have assessed both positive and negative perceived life changes concurrently over time or investigated whether resilience and emotion regulation influence perceived negative and positive changes. We analyzed prospective survey data from 534 recently diagnosed survivors of breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer collected at baseline assessment and 6-month follow-up. Reports of positive change were much more common than reports of negative change. Moreover, reports of positive change and negative change did not differ between the two assessment points. Cancer survivors with greater resilience and emotional approach coping at baseline reported more positive life changes 6 months later while those with low self-efficacy and higher emotion dysregulation at baseline reported more negative life changes 6 months later. These findings highlight self-efficacy, resilience, emotional approach coping, and emotional regulation abilities as modifiable factors that can be targeted by clinicians and therapists to decrease the likelihood of patient-perceived negative change and increase perceived positive change.

Perceived Control and Inflammation: Mediating and Moderating Effects in the Relationship Between Cumulative Trauma and Depression.

OBJECTIVE: The effects of trauma exposure on depression risk and severity are well established, but psychosocial and biological factors that impact or explain those relationships remain poorly understood. This study examined the moderating and mediating effects of perceived control and inflammation in the relationship between trauma and depression. METHODS: Moderation analyses and longitudinal mediation analyses were conducted on data from 945 adults who completed all three waves (spanning around 19 years) of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study and the MIDUS Biomarker Study. Data were collected during a phone interview, self-report surveys distributed in the mail, and an in-person blood draw. Two dimensions of perceived control-mastery and constraints-were examined separately in all analyses. RESULTS: Perceived control did not significantly moderate the relationship between trauma and depression severity at MIDUS 2 ( b = 0.03, SE = .02, p = .091). Constraints significantly mediated the relationship between trauma and MIDUS 3 depression (indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p = .016) but not after accounting for MIDUS 2 depression. Perceived control did not have a significant moderating effect in the relationships between trauma and inflammation or inflammation and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study revealed that perceived control may be better characterized as an explanatory factor rather than a buffer in trauma-associated depression. Perceived constraints in particular may be a useful treatment target for trauma-associated depression. Further research is needed to examine whether these results generalize to populations other than among mostly non-Hispanic White adults in the United States.

Changes in Interoception in Mind-body Therapies for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Emerging literature has demonstrated deficits in interoception (i.e., the perception of physical sensations from inside the body) in individuals with chronic pain conditions. Mind-body therapies (MBTs) are purported to improve chronic pain in part through improving or restoring interoceptive abilities. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine changes in interoception in MBTs for chronic pain conditions. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses was conducted from database inception to February 2023. English language intervention studies evaluating the effect of MBTs on interoception in adults with chronic pain conditions were examined. Changes in pain (severity and interference) following treatment were examined as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies (10 unique samples) were identified. Meta-analytic results reveal significant improvements in total interoceptive awareness (Becker's d = 1.168, p < .01) as well as improvements in seven of eight subdomains of interoceptive awareness (ds = 0.28 to 0.81). MBTs were also associated with reductions in both pain intensity (d = -1.46, p = .01) and pain interference (d = -1.07, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary research suggests that MBTs demonstrate improvements in interoceptive awareness and reduce pain in adults with chronic pain. Literature on changes in other domains of interoception, such as interoceptive accuracy, following MBTs is severely lacking. Although more rigorous studies are needed to corroborate results, the present findings lay an important foundation for future research to examine interoception as a possible underlying mechanism of MBTs to improve pain outcomes.

Physical health and function trajectories in adults with cancer: psychosocial predictors of class membership.

PURPOSE: To prospectively examine different trajectories of recovery, across different aspects of physical health and function and to examine trajectory class membership. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 569 recently diagnosed adult cancer patients (Mage = 58.7) between 2019 and 2022 identified through the Rapid Case Ascertainment resource of The Yale Cancer Center. Patients were diagnosed with breast (63.8%), prostate (25.3%), or colorectal cancer (10.9%) within six-months of baseline assessment. Participants completed comprehensive psychosocial and health survey measures (SF-12) through REDCap at five time points. Growth mixture modeling examined unconditional distinct trajectories for four aspects of physical health and function. We fit logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression models to estimate associations between psychosocial predictors of trajectory class membership for each of the four aspects. RESULTS: We identified distinct trajectories of physical health and function. Over one-third (38.4%) of the sample experienced low and declining scores in their ability to accomplish work/regular daily activities due to physical health. Over half (54.9%) demonstrate moderately stable general health with no improvement over time. A small but significant subset of the sample (3%, 5.7%, 5%) was in the moderate and declining groups with sharp decline in physical function, bodily pain, and general health, after treatment. Different predictors of trajectory class membership were also found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed heterogeneity in physical health and function trajectories and different patterns of predictors for each aspect of physical health and function. Findings have the potential to inform screening and intervention efforts to help those who may need additional support.

Placing the US Federal Investment in Religion, Spirituality, and Health Research in Context: A Systematic Review and Comparison with Social Support and Optimism Funding Levels.

Religion and spirituality (R/S) have been linked to better physical and mental health. The US government has funded several research studies that include a focus on R/S but the amount of support over the last several years appears to be declining. To better understand these funding trends for R/S and health research, we chose relevant comparisons from projects that include a focus on social support and optimism. We identified total amount of funding, change in funding patterns over time, and characteristics of funded projects from a large database of US research projects (Federal RePORTER). We reviewed 5093 projects for social support and 6030 projects for optimism before narrowing the number of eligible studies to 170 and 13, respectively. Social support projects received the largest investment of $205 million dollars. Funded awards for social support and optimism remained stable over time while R/S decreased (p = 0.01), intervention research was more characteristic and studies of African-American/Black participants were less characteristic of funded projects in social support than of R/S (ps < 0.001). Future research for R/S and health would likely benefit from continued focus on minority communities and on identifying and developing appropriate interventions to support individual and community health and well-being.

Spiritual well-being, dignity-related distress and demoralisation at the end of life-effects of dignity therapy: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: This single-centre prospective randomised controlled study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dignity therapy on spiritual well-being, demoralisation and dignity-related distress compared with standard palliative care. METHODS: A total of 111 terminally ill hospice patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups: dignity therapy plus standard palliative care (intervention group) or standard palliative care alone (control group). The main outcomes were meaning, peace, faith, loss of meaning and purpose, distress and coping ability, existential distress, psychological distress and physical distress. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 7-10 and 15-20 days. RESULTS: Following randomisation, 11 dropped out before baseline assessment and 33 after post-treatment assessment. A total of 67 patients completed the study, 35 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group. Repeated measures general linear model showed significant differences between groups on peace and psychological distress over time, but not on existential distress, physical distress, meaning and purpose, distress and coping ability, meaning and faith. Specifically, patients in the dignity therapy intervention maintained similar levels of peace from baseline to follow-up, whereas patients in the control group significantly declined in peace during the same time period. Moreover, psychological distress significantly decreased from pretreatment to post-treatment in the intervention group and increased in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Dignity therapy may be an effective intervention in maintaining sense of peace for terminally ill patients. The findings of our study are of relevance in palliative care and suggest the potential clinical utility of this psychological intervention.

Unique contributions of religious and science beliefs on meaning systems in a nationally representative American sample.

Individuals often hold beliefs in religion and in science, but how they mutually function is not well-understood. We examined these conjoint influences by examining their relative contributions to individuals' global meaning systems. We also examined whether subgroups of participants could be identified in terms of relative influence of religious or science beliefs on their meaning systems. A nationally representative sample of 300 American adults completed online surveys. Results suggested that science beliefs and religion beliefs comprise separate but only modestly negatively correlated dimensions. Both contributed similarly to the explanation of world assumptions, but only religious beliefs generally predicted goals, values and sense of meaning in life. Latent profile analysis produced a three-profile solution: one profile of moderate science and religious beliefs represented half the sample while the remainder split evenly between predominantly religious and predominantly science beliefs. In general, across most aspects of global meaning, the religious beliefs group was higher than the science beliefs and moderate beliefs in both groups. Results of this first systematic investigation of the separate effects of beliefs in religion and in science on meaning systems suggest that the balance of these beliefs is a potentially important individual difference warranting further investigation and elaboration.

"God was with me": A qualitative study of Christian meaning-making among refugees.

In this consensual qualitative research study, we investigated the role of refugees' Christian faith in meaning-making coping. High percentages of religiosity in refugee populations support the need to understand the role of religion in their coping processes. Interviews with 20 Christian refugees from 10 African and Asian countries revealed that participants drew heavily from their faith resources to cope with their experiences. Specifically, refugees reported coping practices that included trust in God, prayer, intimacy with God, spiritual surrender, lament, worship, and social support. Although many participants described spiritual struggles, including doubting God, feeling distant from God, and questioning God, most found meaning amid refugee-related suffering and reported perspective shifts, a deepening of faith, seeing suffering as part of God's plan, experiencing a deepened sense of purpose, and growing in the likeness of Christ. Refugees also reported growth through suffering in the form of gratitude, altruism, testimony, and humility. Clinical implications include encouraging the use of religious resources for meaning-making and supporting the resolution of spiritual struggles.

Disruptions in self-regulatory processes predict depression and sleep disturbance in bereaved young adults.

Losing a loved one is both common and profoundly stressful for young adults. Little research has examined the longitudinal course of post-loss cognitive processing, depression, and sleep difficulties. Further, little is known about the context of other stressors or the role of individual regulatory resources, such as attentional regulation, that might determine whether loss-related cognitive processing reduces distress. This prospective study examined changes in depression and sleep disturbance over 9 weeks as a function of within- and between-person variation in stress exposure, loss-related cognitive processing, and attention regulation. Participants were 108 recently bereaved college students completing a lab-based assessment of attention regulation and four self-report surveys, spaced three weeks apart. Results revealed that most participants gradually reduced loss-related processing over the study period, with corresponding improvements in depression and sleep. Stress exposure was associated with increased processing, depression, and sleep disturbance. In exploratory analyses, high attentional alertness and slow re-orienting strengthened the association of within-person loss processing with sleep disturbance. Both within- and between-person variation in stress appear to engender risk for a prolonged course of bereavement. Future research should integrate objective attention measures with self-reported adjustment to stress to illuminate reciprocal links between depression, sleep, and loss-related cognitive processing.

Correction to: ACEs and Mental and Behavioral Health: Examining Maltreatment vs. Household Dysfunction and the Moderating Role of Spirituality.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00571-9.].

Emotion dysregulation and family functioning moderate family caregiving burden during the pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: Since the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, additional risk factors affecting family caregivers' mental health have arisen. Therefore, personal stress coping strategies and family dynamics became important factors in reducing the impact of the pandemic on family caregivers' mental health. The present research aimed to estimate the association between COVID-19 stressors and family caregiving burden. Moreover, moderating effects of emotion dysregulation and family functioning on this association were investigated. METHODS: This study analyzed data collected in April 2021 from 154 family caregivers (Mage = 38.79, SDage = 9.36, range = 22-64) recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). The impact of COVID-19 stressors on family caregiving burden was tested, and moderating impacts of emotion dysregulation and family functioning were also investigated. RESULTS: Both COVID-19 stress exposure and stress appraisal were positively associated with family caregiving burden. Emotion dysregulation and problematic family functioning were also positively associated with family caregiving burden. A significant moderating effect of emotion dysregulation was found, such that family caregivers with higher emotion dysregulation were likely to feel more caregiving burden when they experienced more COVID-19 stressors. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The current research highlighted the role of emotion regulation in reducing the negative impact of COVID-19 stressors on family caregiving burden. The research also emphasizes the need for intervention programs to improve emotion regulation strategies to decrease family caregiving burden during the pandemic.

Does use of health behaviours to cope with stress predict sleep impairment in trauma-exposed community adults?

Individuals who have been exposed to trauma experience high levels of sleep impairment. Given the well-established negative effects of stress on sleep, the ways in which trauma-exposed individuals cope with stress is likely to be associated with their sleep. This study examined how the use of health behaviours (i.e., exercise, comfort eating, and maintaining a self-care routine) to cope relate to sleep impairment in a community sample of trauma-exposed adults (N = 84, mean age = 35.1, 83% female). We also tested whether use of health behaviours to cope moderates the relationship between psychological distress and sleep impairment. Results demonstrate that exercise and maintaining a self-care routine to cope are associated with less sleep impairment, while comfort eating to cope is associated with greater sleep impairment. Further, comfort eating to cope moderated the relationship between distress and sleep impairment. Findings suggest that the use of health behaviours to cope is differentially associated with sleep impairment, which has important clinical and research implications for the health of trauma-exposed adults.

Use of religious and spiritual responses after trauma to prevent posttraumatic stress symptoms and suicidality: The role of meaning in life.

BACKGROUND: The present study examined the relationship between religious/spiritual (R/S) responses to trauma, meaning in life, and psychopathology among US veterans (n = 729). METHODS: Participants (66.7% male and 83.2% White) completed study questionnaires assessing positive religious coping, divine spiritual struggle, meaning in life, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and suicidality severity. Assessments were conducted via telephone interviews at baseline (T1), 3 months (T2) and 6 months (T3). RESULTS: Divine spiritual struggle was associated with lower meaning in life, higher suicidality and higher PTSS at all time points. Positive religious coping was associated with higher meaning in life at all time points and lower suicidality at T2. Meaning in life fully mediated relationships between divine spiritual struggle and both PTSS and suicidality. While higher levels of T1 positive religious coping predicted increased T3 PTSS when controlling for T1 PTSS, meaning in life partially mediated this relationship, with a negative indirect effect. Meaning in life also fully mediated the relationship between positive religious coping and later suicidality, with a negative indirect effect. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that divine spiritual struggle consistently predicts both higher PTSS and suicidality. Further, a sense of meaning plays a large role in linking R/S responses to trauma and psychological outcomes. It holds promise as a means through which positive religious coping may exert beneficial effects. Clinicians should be particularly mindful of negative R/S responses after trauma as a risk factor for adverse psychological outcomes. Future research should examine whether meaning-based interventions are beneficial after trauma.

Perceived negative consequences of cancer and psychological distress in survivors: the moderating role of social support.

PURPOSE: Many cancer survivors experience psychological distress at some point during their care. The degree to which individuals perceive negative consequences of cancer has been associated with psychological distress, including anxiety and depression. Identifying psychosocial factors that buffer the effects of illness perceptions on distress may provide a target for intervention to improve the psychological health of cancer survivors. As such, the present study aimed to examine whether social support moderates the relationship between perceived negative consequences of cancer and psychological distress. METHODS: The current longitudinal study of 413 cancer survivors (64% female, 58% breast cancer, Mage = 59.68, SD = 11.41) examined social support as a potential moderator of the relationship, hypothesizing that greater overall perceived social support would buffer the relationship between perceived negative consequences of cancer and subsequent symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: Perceived negative consequences of cancer predicted anxiety and depression over time (p < .05), but social support had a buffering effect on the perceived negative consequences of cancer-anxiety relationship (ß = - .20, p < .001) as well as the perceived negative consequences of cancer-depression relationship (ß = - .11, p < .05). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that social support is a protective factor over time against the pathway of illness perceptions leading to psychological distress among cancer survivors. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Interventions that improve social support in cancer survivors may attenuate psychological distress and help support these individuals in their survivorship journey.

How are relying on religion and on science to make sense of the world associated with health-related resources and behaviors and well-being?

OBJECTIVE: Differences in the extent to which religious and scientific perspectives inform individuals' understanding of the world may affect their health and well-being. Yet minimal research has examined the influence of religious or scientific beliefs (or their relative influences) on health-related resources, behaviors, well-being, and stress responses, the focus of the current study. METHODS: A national sample of 289 U.S. adults (mean age 34.42, 62.1% female, 67.5% White) was recruited through an online platform. Participants completed baseline and 11 nightly self-report surveys. RESULTS: Higher reliance on religion was generally associated with greater psychological well-being (i.e. higher mindfulness, locus of control, positive affect; lower negative affect), while reliance on science was related to more COVID-19 distress. Contrary to hypotheses, scientific beliefs were not generally associated with a healthier lifestyle at the between-subject level, and higher reliance on both religion and science predicted more daily comfort food consumption. However, both belief systems buffered negative impacts of daily stress on physical activity at between-person (science) and within-person (religion) levels. CONCLUSION: Results showed unique benefits and drawbacks of each meaning system on individuals' health behaviors and well-being. Future research is warranted to illuminate the intricate interplay between these two popular perspectives on the world.