Can sural nerve injury be avoided in the sinus tarsi approach for calcaneal fracture?: A cadaveric study.

There is no consensus regarding the references to determine the exact location of the skin incision to minimize iatrogenic sural nerve injury in the sinus tarsi approach for calcaneal fracture.The purpose of this cadaveric study was to describe the anatomical course of the sural nerve in relation to easily identifiable landmarks during the sinus tarsi approach and to provide a more practical reference for surgeons to avoid sural nerve injury.Twenty-four foot and ankle specimens were dissected. The bony landmarks used in the following reference points were the tip of the lateral malleolus (point A), lateral border of the Achilles tendon on the collinear line with point A (point B), posteroinferior apex of the calcaneus (point C), inferior margin of the calcaneus on the plumb line through point A (point D), and tip of the fifth metatarsal base (point E). After careful dissection, the distances of the sural nerve to points A and B in the horizontal direction (lines D1 and D2), points A and C in the diagonal direction (lines D3 and D4), points A and D in the vertical direction (lines D5 and D6), and points A and E in the diagonal direction (lines D7 and D8) were measured.The median ratio of D1 to D1+D2, D3 to D3+D4, D5 to D5+D6, and D7 to D7+D8 were 0.37 (range, 0.26-0.50), 0.23 (range, 016-0.33), 0.35 (range, 0.25-0.45), and 0.32 (range, 0.20-0.45), respectively.The distance ratios from this study can be helpful to avoid sural nerve injury during the sinus tarsi approach for calcaneal fractures. Established standard incision may have to be modified to minimize sural nerve injury.

Unusual variant of distal biceps femoris muscle associated with common peroneal entrapment neuropathy: A cadaveric case report.

RATIONALE: The anatomical variant of the distal biceps femoris muscle with regard to common peroneal nerve entrapment neuropathy (CPNe) was suggested through magnetic resonance images (MRI) study. PATIENT CONCERNS: An unusual variant of distal biceps femoris muscle was observed in 78 years old male cadaver. DIAGNOSES: The short head of biceps femoris muscle (SHBFM) was extended more distal and posteriorly. INTERVENTION: The popliteal area was dissected at knee joint level in a cadaveric limb. OUTCOMES: Common peroeal nerve (CPN) was situated within tunnel formed between the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle (LGCM) and the SHBFM. Also, the length of tunnel was 4.4 cm. LESSONS: The case illustrated here, to the best of our knowledge, is the first one with cadaveric findings of variant of distal biceps femoris muscle associated with CPNe. The tunnel formed between the more posterior or distal extension of the SHBFM and the LGCM could be possible entrapment area of CPN, clinically.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Fermented By-product of Mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, as a Fish Meal Replacer in Juvenile Amur Catfish, Silurus asotus: Effects on Growth, Serological Characteristics and Immune Responses.

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dietary fermented by-product of mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, (FBPM) as a fish meal (FM) replacer in juvenile Amur catfish, Silurus asotus. A total number of 225 fish averaging 5.7±0.1 g (mean±standard deviation) were fed one of the five experimental diets formulated to replace FM with FBPM at 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (FBPM0, FBPM5, FBPM10, FBPM20, and FBPM30, respectively). At the end of eight weeks of the experiment, average weight gain (WG) of fish fed FBPM0 or FBPM5 were significantly higher than those of fish fed FBPM20 or FBPM30 diets (p<0.05). However, there was no significant differences in WG among the fish fed FBPM0, FBPM5 or FBPM10, and between fish fed FBPM10 or FBPM20, and also between those fed FBPM20 or FBPM30 diets. Lysozyme activity of fish fed FBPM0 or FBPM5 were significantly higher than those of fish fed FBPM10, FBPM20 or FBPM30 diets (p<0.05). The chemiluminescent response of fish fed FBPM5 was significantly higher than those of fish fed FBPM0, FBPM20 or FBPM30 diets (p<0.05). Broken line regression analysis of WG suggested that the maximal dietary inclusion level for FBPM as a FM replacer could be 6.3% without any adverse effects on whole body composition and on serological characteristics. Therefore, these results may indicate that the maximal dietary inclusion level of FBPM as a FM replacer could be 6.3% in juvenile Amur catfish.

Effects of Different Dietary Cadmium Levels on Growth and Tissue Cadmium Content in Juvenile Parrotfish, Oplegnathus fasciatus.

This feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different dietary cadmium levels on growth and tissue cadmium content in juvenile parrotfish, Oplegnathus fasciatus, using cadmium chloride (CdCl2) as the cadmium source. Fifteen fish averaging 5.5±0.06 g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into each of twenty one rectangular fiber tanks of 30 L capacity. Each tank was then randomly assigned to one of three replicates of seven diets containing 0.30 (C0), 21.0 (C21), 40.7 (C41), 83.5 (C83), 162 (C162), 1,387 (C1,387) and 2,743 (C2,743) mg cadmium/kg diet. At the end of sixteen weeks of feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed C21 were significantly higher than those of fish fed C83, C162, C1,387 and C2,743 (p<0.05). Weight gain, SGR and FE of fish fed C0, C21 and C41 were significantly higher than those of fish fed C162, C1,387 and C2,743. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed C0, C21 and C41 were significantly higher than those of fish fed C1,387 and C2,743. Average survival of fish fed C0, C21, C41 and C162 were significantly higher than that of fish fed C2,743. Tissue cadmium concentrations increased with cadmium content of diets. Cadmium accumulated the most in liver, followed by gill and then muscle. Muscle, gill and liver cadmium concentrations of fish fed C0, C21, C41 and C83 were significantly lower than those of fish fed C162, C1,387 and C2,743. Based on the ANOVA results of growth performance and tissue cadmium concentrations the safe dietary cadmium level could be lower than 40.7 mg Cd/kg diet while the toxic level could be higher than 162 mg Cd/kg diet.

Re-evaluation of the Optimum Dietary Vitamin C Requirement in Juvenile Eel, Anguilla japonica by Using L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate.

This study was conducted to re-evaluate the dietary vitamin C requirement in juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica by using L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (AMP) as the vitamin C source. Five semi-purified experimental diets were formulated to contain 0 (AMP0), 30 (AMP24), 60 (AMP52), 120 (AMP108) and 1,200 (AMP1137) mg AMP kg-1 diet on a dry matter basis. Casein and defatted fish meal were used as the main protein sources in the semi-purified experimental diets. After a 4-week conditioning period, fish initially averaging 15±0.3 g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed to each aquarium as triplicate groups of 20 fish each. One of five experimental diets was fed on a DM basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria, at a rate of 3% of total body weight, twice a day. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed AMP52 and AMP108 were significantly higher than those recorded for fish fed the control diet (p<0.05). Similarly, feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for fish fed AMP52 were significantly higher than those for fish fed the control diet (p<0.05). Broken-line regression analysis on the basis of WG, SGR, FE and PER showed dietary vitamin C requirements of juvenile eel to be 41.1, 41.2, 43.9 and 43.1 (mg kg(-1) diet), respectively. These results indicated that the dietary vitamin C requirement could range from 41.1 to 43.9 mg kg(-1) diet in juvenile eel when L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate was used as the dietary source of vitamin C.